Jurnal Pendidikan Kepelatihan Olahraga: PEJUANG
This journal presents a variety of current research and articles on developments in sports, covering physical, mental, and social aspects. With a focus on improving athletic performance, public health, and innovation in training techniques, this journal aims to provide in-depth insights for researchers, coaches, and sports enthusiasts. Each issue features relevant study findings, analyses of the latest trends, and discussions on sports policies that impact society.
Program Studi Pendidikan Kepelatihan Olahraga
A Comparative Study of Mental Limits and Ego Inflation amongst Male and Female Students at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Al-Nusoor University
The aim of this study was to identify differences between male and female students at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Al-Nusoor University, in terms of the variables of mental limits and self-aggrandisement. The researcher adopted a descriptive approach using comparative studies, as this was deemed appropriate for the nature and objectives of the research. The research population comprised 124 third-year students at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Al-Nusoor University for the academic year 2025–2026, whilst the final research sample comprised 80 students (60 male and 20 female), representing 64.52 per cent of the research population. The researcher used the Mental Limits Scale and the Self-Grandiosity Scale developed by Al-Hashimi (2025), after verifying their face validity and reliability. The data were analysed statistically using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), relying on the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, percentage, coefficient of variation, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, the Spearman–Brown equation, and the t-test for two independent samples. The results showed that the research sample scored highly on the variables of mental boundaries and self-aggrandisement compared with the hypothetical means for the two scales. The results also indicated statistically significant differences between male and female students in the mental boundaries variable, favouring the male students, whilst no statistically significant differences were found between them in the self-aggrandisement variable. In light of the results, the researcher concluded that male students at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences have a higher level of mental boundaries than female students, whilst male and female students are comparable in terms of self-aggrandisement. The researcher recommended paying attention to the psychological well-being of the faculty’s students through psychological counselling programmes, organising educational programmes that contribute to the development of mental boundaries and the enhancement of self-awareness, as well as conducting similar studies linking the variables of mental boundaries and self-aggrandisement to other psychological and educational variables.
Faculty Of Physical Education And Sports Sciences
Copyright (c) 2026 Nahidh Sultan Khudhair (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
A Comparative Study of Positive and Negative Thinking Among Students at Al-Nusour University Who Participate and Do Not Participate in Sports Activities
The aim of this study was to identify the levels of positive and negative thinking among students at Al-Nusoor University, and to reveal differences between students who do and do not participate in sporting activities with regard to these two variables. The researcher adopted a descriptive approach using a comparative study design, as this was deemed appropriate for the nature and objectives of the research. The research population consisted of students at Al-Nusoor University, whilst the sample comprised 70 students: 40 who participated in sporting activities and 30 who did not, all of whom were selected using a purposive sampling method. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher utilised the Positive and Negative Thinking Scale developed by Al-Jubouri (2011), after verifying its psychometric properties in terms of validity, reliability and discriminant validity. The data were analysed statistically using the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and the t-test for two independent samples. The results showed that the research sample exhibited a high level of positive thinking and a low level of negative thinking compared to the scale’s hypothesised mean, They also revealed statistically significant differences in positive thinking in favour of students who participated in sporting activities, as well as statistically significant differences in negative thinking in their favour, as they recorded lower levels of negative thinking compared with non-participants. The researcher concluded that participation in sporting activities is associated with higher levels of positive thinking and lower levels of negative thinking among university students. He recommended encouraging students to take part in sporting activities and developing counselling, psychological and sporting programmes that contribute to fostering positive thinking and reducing negative thinking amongst university students.
Copyright (c) 2026 Duraid Dheya Mahdi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Effect of Using Gordon's Creative Model on Learning Basic Pommel Horse Skills among Physical Education Student
The importance of this research lies in the need to adopt non-traditional teaching models that help students understand the motor pathway of a skill and grasp its components in a deeper and more flexible way. Employing Gordon's creative model in teaching horse-horse skills can contribute to simplifying complex motor concepts through the use of sensory and motor analogies, and linking the performance to the student's prior experiences. This enhances motor visualization and reduces apprehension of the apparatus. The research problem was to investigate the effectiveness of using Gordon's creative model in teaching some basic skills on a horse-horse to students, compared to traditional methods. The research objective was to identify the impact of Gordon's creative model on teaching some basic skills on a horse-horse to students. The researcher used the experimental method, and the research sample consisted of college students. In addition, the post-test results showed that the experimental group was significantly superior to the control group in the preparatory section (t = 5.062; sig. = 0.00), the main section (t = 7.282; sig. = 0.00), the closing section (t = 6.791; sig. = 0.00), and the overall movement (t = 6.383; sig. = 0.00). Thus, the Gordon Creative model was shown to be more effective in improving the technical skills of movement in saddled horses with handles than in the control group. After applying the model, the most important conclusions were reached: Gordon's creative model is a successful teaching and learning method, especially for some basic skills involving students on a horse with handles. The most important recommendation was to adopt Gordon's creative model, given its success in teaching and learning, particularly for some basic skills involving students on a horse with handles.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ali Shamil Hussein (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Effect Of Anaerobic Ability Training On Some Metabolic Stress Outcomes (Urea, Ammonia) And Complex Skill Performance Endurance In Young Boxers
The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of using the metered anaerobic ability training to reduce the indices of metabolic stress and to develop the boxer's ability to withstand the complex skill performance. The experimental group joined an anaerobic training program for (8) weeks, 3 units per week. The measurements were based on biochemical analyses of blood collected immediately after the exertion, and a standardised skill test measuring the boxer's capacity to launch continuous compound punches on the boxing bag for three rounds. The statistical treatments showed unreserved moral superiority for the experimental group. A significant and statistically significant decrease in the rates of accumulation of ammonia and urea in the blood serum after exertion was recorded, in parallel with a high development in the number of repetitions of the correct skill performance under the pressure of extreme fatigue. These results show that anaerobic strength training induces deep physiological adaptations that delay central fatigue and protect muscles from breakdown, ensuring that the boxer maintains neuromuscular coordination and high accuracy in directing compound punches until the final seconds of the fight.
Copyright (c) 2026 Haider Mohammed Jassim Al-Khaikani (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Mental Health Prediction System Using Machine Learning Algorithms
This technical report explains how a machine learning-based system was developed and tested to identify the risks of depression in students of a university. This research report is an answer to the demand of the proactive and easy-to-use screening tools in cases of an increasing global mental health crisis in the academic environment. The system was built on a large volume of data, 27,889 student records in total, and studied 18 major characteristics of students in terms of demographics, academic success, and mental health factors. It used a systematic 6 stage methodology that included data preprocessing, model training and performance validation. Four monitored machine learning algorithms were put into version and juxtaposed: Logistic Regression, Decision Tree, Naive Bayes, and Random Forest. The findings indicated that the Logistic Regression was the most accurate with an accuracy of 84.38 and it was higher than the other models. The main results of the analysis included that the prevalence of depression (58.5% and suicidal thoughts (63.3% are high in the sample population and indicate the severity of the issue. Suicidal Thoughts and Academic Pressure were the most important risk factors mentioned by the model with the feature importance scores of 23.2% and 17.1, respectively. The research report is able to prove the technical feasibility and clinical utility of an automated and accessible and privacy-aware screening tool. This system is not a replacement of a professional diagnosis, but it offers a helpful initial step toward recognizing at-risk students, assessing them in due time and offering the necessary assistance, and leading to more sophisticated institutional mental health approaches.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mustafa Ahmed Abdulwahhab (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Design and Standardization a Test to Measure Speed Accuracy and Skill Level of Floor Defense for Libero in Volleyball
The current study aims to designing a test to measure speed, accuracy, and skill performance level of libero's floor defense skill, Setting standard scores to test speed, accuracy, and skill level of libero's floor defense skill. The researcher used descriptive survey method as it was suitable for nature of study. Study community was defined as a number of volleyball players representing clubs in northern region participating in Elite League and Premier League for 2025/2026 Sports season, totaling 185 players distributed across 15 clubs. Sample was selected from study community purposively, consisting of 30 players Liberos, representing 16.85%. Results showed that reaching a test to measure speed and accuracy of skillful court defense performance of libero in volleyball Based on high scientific principles, to arrive at tables specific to grades and standard levels of test designed to measure speed and accuracy of skill performance of floor defense skill for Libero in volleyball. The researcher recommends that adopting the test that was designed and standardized to be a standard tool for measuring speed and accuracy of skill performance of floor defense skill for Libero in volleyball, in order to ensure objectivity and accuracy of results, Adopting standard grades and levels in evaluating level of players, with possibility of using these levels as a reference to determine strengths and weaknesses of Libero in skill of floor defending.
Test Design, Volleyball, Libero, Floor Defense.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jumaa Ismail Jumaa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Impact of Sports Recreation Programs to Develop Basketball Skills Among Preparatory Students
This study aims to identify impact of a proposed recreational sports program on developing some basic basketball skills among preparatory students. The researcher used an experimental design with a single group and pre- and post-tests, as it was suitable for nature and objectives of study. Sample was selected purposively from preparatory school students, with main sample consisting of 16 students, in addition to a pilot sample of 12 students from study community outside main sample. The researcher used a set of skill tests to measure basic basketball skills, which included: zigzag dribbling test between cones, 30-second wall pass test, accurate pass to a specific target test, stationary shooting test, and ladder shot test, also prepared a proposed recreational sports program that lasted for 8 weeks, with 3 sessions per week, each session lasting 60 minutes, program included a set of games, competitions, and recreational activities related to basic basketball skills. Results showed statistically significant differences between pre- and post-tests for experimental group in all tests, skills under investigation are in favor of post-test, values are greater than tabulated (t) value at a significance level of 0.05, which indicates effectiveness of recreational sports program in improving skill performance level of students. It was recommended that use of recreational sports programs be expanded within physical education lessons because of their effective role in improving learning of sports skills and increasing students’ motivation to participate in sports activities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hamed Ali Abdulhussein (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Effectiveness of Cooperative Learning Compared to Traditional Methods in the Acquisition of Floor Gymnastics Skills Among Second Year Students Al-Nusoor University Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences
The purpose of the study was to determine the influence of cooperative learning methods and traditional methods on the mastery of floor gymnastics skills (front bolster, back bolster, handstand, headstand) in second-year students, and to compare the effectiveness of the two methods. Experimental research with a two-group design (experiment and control) using pre-test and post-test. The sample totaled 40 students, divided into experimental (n=20, cooperative method) and control (n=20, traditional method) groups, for 8 weeks (16 sessions). Data were analyzed by paired t-tests and independent t-tests via SPSS. The results of the study The experimental group showed a significant improvement in all four skills (front bolster: 2.40 to 4.15, t=8.32; rear bolster: 2.25 to 3.95, t=7.84; handstand: 1.90 to 3.60, t=7.10; headstand: 1.85 to 3.70, t=7.45). The control group also increased significantly but was lower (front roll: 2.35 to 3.45, t=5.17; rear roll: 2.20 to 3.30, t=4.93; handstand: 1.88 to 2.80, t=4.45; headstand: 1.80 to 2.85, t=4.62). At the post-test, the experimental group had a significant advantage over the controls on all skills (t ranged from 4.22–4.89; p<0.05). In conclusion, cooperative learning methods are more effective than traditional methods in improving the mastery of floor gymnastics skills of second-level students, so it is recommended as a methodological alternative to teaching.
Copyright (c) 2026 Noor Sabah Farhan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Anthropometric and Physical Determinants as Predictors of Playing Position in Youth Football Players
This study aims to investigate the relationship between anthropometric and physical characteristics and the possibility of using them as a tool to predict suitable playing positions for youth soccer players. The study used a predictive correlation design involving aging young football players. Anthropometric variables (height, body mass, body mass index, and body fat percentage) and physical performance variables (speed, agility, muscle strength, and endurance) were collected to predict the most suitable playing position. This study relies on the analysis of characteristics such as height, weight, body fat percentage, muscle strength, speed, and endurance, and the extent to which they relate to the requirements of different playing positions on the field. The results show a clear relationship between certain physical characteristics and playing positions. Goalkeepers and defenders require different anthropometric characteristics compared to midfielders and forwards. The results of the study show that most of the players are in the medium category based on the empirical norms developed. Correlation analysis showed a very strong positive relationship between height and body weight (r = 0.984), BMI (r = 0.932), and body fat percentage (r = 0.961). In contrast, height was negatively correlated with sprint ability (r = −0.407) and agility (r = −0.964), indicating a tendency that increased body size was followed by a decrease in acceleration ability and a change of direction. The resulting empirical norms are able to group the physical characteristics of players into five performance categories so as to provide an objective reference in the placement of player positions. The conclusion states that anthropometric characteristics and physical conditions provide meaningful information in the preparation of the position of young football players.
Anthropometric and Physical Determinants
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammed Farhan Khalbas (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Relationship Between Selected Sensorimotor Abilities and Shooting Accuracy Among Soccer Players
In this research, it was intended to find out the relationships between selected sensorimotor abilities and shooting accuracy of soccer players. The use of descriptive correlational design was appropriate for this study as a result of it being related to the study's nature and purpose. The study's population was composed of 24 soccer players who belonged to the Al-Shirqat Sports Club team. A purposive sampling technique was applied to select a sample size of 10 players, which constituted 41.66% of the population. The objectives of the study were accomplished by conducting several sensorimotor abilities' tests; namely, foot lateral-distance perception, sensorimotor perception of the foot in the vertical plane, ball-throw perception, and shooting accuracy test. Statistical analysis was done using arithmetic mean, standard deviation, Pearson's simple correlation coefficient, and percentage. The mean score for shooting accuracy was 6.9 (SD = 2.46), while the foot lateral-distance perception, vertical foot position sense, and ball-throw perception tests yielded mean scores of 10.0 cm (SD = 3.60), 13.7 cm (SD = 4.22), and 9.3 cm (SD = 2.46), respectively. Significant correlations were found between shooting accuracy and selected sensorimotor abilities. This means that there is a contribution of selected sensorimotor abilities in improving shooting accuracy of soccer players. According to these findings, the researcher suggests incorporating sensorimotor ability training practices within the training programs of soccer players along with conducting regular testing.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mahmood Munshid Murshed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Psychological Stress and Its Relationship with Job Satisfaction among Physical Education Teachers in the Cities of Samarra and Tikrit
In this study, an effort has been made to investigate the relationship between psychological stress and job satisfaction among physical education teachers in the cities of Samarra and Tikrit. Moreover, an attempt was made to measure the psychological stress level of the physical education teachers. A descriptive research design was used in which survey and correlation research methods were used because of their relevance to the research objectives. Physical education teachers working in the intermediate, secondary, and preparatory schools of Samarra and Tikrit were identified as the research population while a sample of 11 teachers was chosen randomly from them. The data collection tools included psychological stress and job satisfaction scales. Arithmetic means, standard deviation, and Pearson correlation were computed using statistical calculations. From these calculations, it could be concluded that there is no significant relationship between psychological stress and job satisfaction among the studied subjects. Moreover, it can be observed that different amounts of psychological stress exist among physical education teachers. On the basis of the obtained results, it can be concluded that the improvement in the working environment of the physical education teachers should be given consideration.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammed Rashid Mohammed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Effect of a Muscular Endurance Training Programme on Delaying the Onset of Muscle Fatigue and Prolonging Effective Performance Time in Long Bouts Among Fencers at the Telecommunications Club
Fencing is a combat sport that requires a delicate balance between technical skills and physical abilities, as prolonged bouts place significant demands on the musculoskeletal system, leading to premature fatigue and a decline in performance quality. The significance of this research lies in bridging the gap between the demands of actual competition and the level of muscular endurance among players at Al-Ittisalat Club, through the development of a specialised training programme aimed at enhancing muscular endurance to delay the onset of fatigue and prolong effective performance time. The study hypothesised that there would be statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests of the experimental group in terms of fatigue onset and performance time, and between the two groups in favour of the experimental group. The study results showed a significant and substantial improvement in the experimental group (37.7–47.9%) compared to a slight, non-significant improvement in the control group, with highly significant post-test differences, confirming the programme’s effectiveness in enhancing endurance and competitive performance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Humam Sady Ibrahim (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Relationship Between Sleep Quality Heart Rate Variability (HRV) and Functional Recovery in Players at the Samarra Basketball Club
The present study aims to investigate the relationship between sleep quality, heart rate variability (HRV) and functional recovery among players of the Samarra Basketball Club. The researcher employed a descriptive approach using correlational methods, as this was deemed appropriate for the nature of the research problem and its objectives. The study population comprised the players of the Samarra Basketball Club for the 2025–2026 season, totalling 14 players representing the club’s advanced team, All were selected as the research sample using a comprehensive enumeration method, representing 100% of the original population. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to measure the players’ sleep quality, alongside heart rate variability (HRV) measurements using the RMSSD and SDNN indices, In addition, the Functional Recovery Scale (TQR) was used to determine the players’ level of recovery following training loads. The researcher also utilised a number of tools and devices, including a heart rate monitor, HRV measurement applications, data recording forms, and SPSS for data processing and statistical analysis. The main conclusions were that sleep quality and HRV are important indicators in assessing the functional and recovery status of basketball players, and that improving sleep quality and increasing HRV values contribute to improved recovery processes and physical readiness, as well as reducing instances of fatigue and sports-related stress.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ayad Ghani Jasim (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Impact of an Educational Programme Based on the IDEAL Model on Reducing Cognitive Failure and the Acquisition of Certain Basic Basketball Skills
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of an educational programme based on the IDEAL model on reducing cognitive failure and the acquisition of certain basic basketball skills among students. The researcher adopted an experimental approach due to its suitability for the nature of the research problem, using a two-group design with pre- and post-tests. The research population comprised first-year students at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Samarra University, for the academic year (2025–2026). The research sample comprised 40 students, who were randomly divided into two equivalent groups: 20 students in the experimental group, who underwent an educational programme based on the IDEAL model, and 20 students in the control group, who followed the curriculum taught by the subject teacher. The researcher employed the Cognitive Failure Scale, as well as a number of basketball skill tests, namely: chest dribbling, dribbling between cones, lay-ups and free throws, to measure the level of mastery of basic skills among the sample participants. The researcher concluded that the educational programme based on the IDEAL model contributed positively to reducing cognitive failure and improving the learning of certain basic basketball skills, and recommended the adoption of modern educational models based on thinking and problem-solving in physical education lessons, given their active role in developing students’ cognitive and skill-based abilities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ayad Ghani Jasim (Author)
Some Biomechanical Determinants and Their Relationship to High Jumps Scoring Accuracy in Handball Players
This study aimed to identify some of biomechanical determinants affecting accuracy of scoring from a high jump according to biomechanical variables in handball, as well as to verify value of correlation coefficient of these variables related to accuracy of scoring from a high jump in handball. Neglecting role of many biomechanical determinants and sometimes not referring to them, even though these determinants may have an effect, even if indirect, on direct variables affecting projectile. Research problem lies in knowing some of indirect variables and their effect on direct variables and knowing priority in affecting scoring from a high jump, and this is a service to training process and thus achieving goals of scientific research. The researcher used descriptive method. Sample consisted of six players from Samarra University handball team, with a total of 72 observations. Sample was selected purposively based on their playing positions to achieve study's objectives, as jump shot is a specialized skill. SPSS statistical package was used to analyze data, employing means, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results showed significant correlations between studied variables and scoring accuracy. The researcher recommends designing training programs based on kinematic analysis to develop jump shot skill, and emphasizing these variables in training process.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammad Majead Mohammed Saleh (Author)
Validity and Reliability of A Battery of Combined Tests for Assessing Perceptual-Motor Decision-Making Speed in Football
The ability to process visual stimuli and make precise motor decisions within a few milliseconds is an essential component of high-level performance in football. Despite considerable theoretical interest, there is no psychometrically validated test battery available to comprehensively assess perceptual-motor decision-making speed (PMDS) in top Iraqi footballers. Objective: The aim of this study was to develop a test battery comprising five PMDS tests and to determine its content validity, construct validity, criterion-related validity and test-retest reliability among footballers in the Iraqi Premier League. A three-phase sequential mixed-methods design was employed. In Phase 1, content validity was determined by a panel of experts (n = 12) using Lawshe’s content validity ratio (CVR). During phase 2, test-retest reliability was assessed in 30 players during two sessions 72 hours apart using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC₂,₁), standard error of measurement (SEM) and the minimum detectable change (MDC₉₅). During phase 3, conceptual validity (known groups: elite versus sub-elite, n = 75) and criterion-related validity were assessed using a game performance index (n = 75). The test battery comprised five sequential tests: simple reaction time, choice reaction time, anticipation time, decision-making under dual-task conditions, and a game-based decision-making task. Results, all twelve items assessing content validity exceeded the minimum CVR threshold of 0.83 (range: 0.85–0.96). The ICC values ranged from 0.89 to 0.94, indicating excellent test-retest reliability. The SEM values ranged from 12.4 to 21.3 ms. Elite players achieved significantly faster PMDS scores than non-elite players in all five tests (p < 0.001, d = 0.84–1.12). The total score of the test battery was significantly correlated with the match performance index (r = −0.68, p < 0.001). Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed a unidimensional structure (CFI = 0.96, RMSEA = 0.048). Conclusions, The complete PMDS battery exhibits robust psychometric properties and is suitable for talent identification, performance monitoring and applied research among Iraqi Premier League footballers as well as comparable elite populations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ammar Faris Atiyah (Author)
The Effects of Advanced Plyometric Training Using WIMU-Pro Technology on Speed and Angular Acceleration and its Influence on Heart Rate Under varying Atmospheric Pressure and Magnetic Field Conditions in Young Fencers
Sports is a field where training methods and techniques to improve physical performance such as fencing. This study presents a training program that can be implemented in sports clubs, specifically Baghdad Fencing Club. The study highlights the influence of environmental factors such as air pressure and magnetic fields on sports performance, which can help design training programs that take these variables into account. It emphasizes the importance of using modern technologies such as WIMU Pro in sports performance analysis. Despite significant advances in sports training methods, there is a lack of research focusing on the effects of advanced plyometric training on young fencing athletes, especially in relation to the use of modern technologies such as WIMU Pro. In addition, the influence of environmental factors such as air pressure and magnetic fields on physiological and motor performance has not been adequately discussed in scientific studies. It is evident that young fencing athletes struggle to achieve optimal performance due to the lack of training programs that integrate modern technology while taking into account environmental variables. Therefore, this study aims to address this gap by investigating the effects of advanced plyometric training using WIMU Pro technology on speed, acceleration, angle, heart rate and e in young fencing athletes. The purpose of this study is to develop a training program that utilizes advanced plyometric exercises using WIMU Pro technology; to determine the effects of advanced plyometric exercises on speed and acceleration in young fencing athletes at the Baghdad Fencing Club; to measure the effect of this exercise on the accuracy of the angle of movement during execution; to investigate the effects of training programs on heart rate under various conditions of air pressure and magnetic fields, and to provide practical recommendations for the development of training programs for young fencing athletes based on research findings. The study adopted an experimental design with both experimental and control groups, involving a sample of 24 fencing athletes. The results showed statistically significant increases in speed (8.16%), acceleration (16.13%), angle of motion (4.38%) and heart rate (6.67%) for the experimental group compared to the control group. The results also showed a slight effect of air pressure on heart rate, while magnetic fields had no obvious effect.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hamam Saadi Ibrahim (Author)
A Study of The Relationship Between Weakness in The Trunk Stabilising Muscles and Back Injuries Lumbar Injuries Among Boxers in Baghdad Clubs
The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between trunk muscle strength and lower back pain among boxers in Baghdad clubs, by measuring trunk muscle strength, assessing the level of lower back pain in the study sample, and identifying the nature of the correlation between the two variables. The researcher employed a descriptive approach using correlational methods, as this was appropriate to the nature and objectives of the study. The study population consisted of boxers officially registered with clubs in Baghdad and affiliated with the Iraqi Boxing Federation. The research sample was selected using a purposive sampling method and comprised eight boxers aged between 18 and 35 with at least two years’ training experience. The researcher used a series of physical tests to measure trunk muscle efficiency, namely: the forward trunk stability test, the lateral trunk stability test and the Bering-Sørensen test, as well as the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and a specific questionnaire to record low back pain. After collecting and statistically analysing the data using the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, percentage and Pearson’s correlation coefficient, the results showed that 87.5% of the sample had reduced trunk muscle efficiency compared to the levels recommended for athletes. It was also observed that 87.5% of the boxers suffered from lower back pain to varying degrees. The results demonstrated a strong, statistically significant inverse correlation between trunk muscle efficiency and lower back pain, with correlation coefficients ranging from (-0.74) to (-0.85); the Bearing-Sørensen test was the one most strongly associated with lower back pain. The researcher concluded that reduced trunk muscle function is associated with higher levels of lower back pain in boxers, and that weakness in the erector spinae and lateral trunk muscles may be an important factor associated with the onset of this pain. The researcher recommends the inclusion of core muscle strengthening and stability exercises in boxers’ training programmes, the adoption of core muscle function tests as a means of periodic assessment, as well as the provision of medical supervision and rehabilitation in boxing clubs to reduce lower back pain and improve sporting performance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abbas Ali Mohammed (Author)
An Assessment of the Behavioural Performance of Youth Football Coaches at Academies in the City of Samarra
The present study aimed to identify the reality of coaching behaviours among youth football academy coaches in the city of Samarra using the Coaching Behaviour Analysis System (CBAS) developed by Smith et al (1977), as one of the standardised scientific systems for analysing coaching behaviour within sporting environments. The researcher adopted a descriptive approach using structured observation. The research sample consisted of eight coaches working at private football academies in the city of Samarra. Two training sessions were filmed for each coach, totalling 16 training sessions, with each session lasting 40 minutes. The study used three high-resolution digital cameras to document the training sessions, after which the coaching behaviours were analysed according to the behavioural categories adopted in the CBAS system. A 5-second time interval was adopted during the behavioural coding process, after which the data was organised and analysed using frequencies, percentages and Z-scores to identify the polarity and trends of the behaviours. The results also showed that the general technical instructions category recorded the highest frequency of occurrence among training behaviours, followed by the organisation and management category, indicating that trainers focused heavily on technical and organisational aspects during the training sessions. The results also showed a relative increase in positive reinforcement and general encouragement behaviours, compared to a clear decrease in punitive and negative behaviours such as punishment, punitive instructions and ignoring mistakes. The study concluded that the training environment within football academies in the city of Samarra tends towards the use of supportive and positive coaching behaviours rather than negative and punitive ones. The study recommended the need to employ standardised behavioural observation systems in the assessment of coaching performance, as well as the development of training programmes for age-group coaches, thereby contributing to improving the quality of coaching interaction within sports academies.
coaching behaviours, CBAS system, football academies, age-group coaches, behavioural observation, football, coaching environment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mustafa Ahmed Abdul-Majid Al-Samarrai (Author)
Organizational Climate in Sports Institutions and its Relationship to Administrative Level Cooperation Among Administrative Staff
This study aims to identify organizational climate level and administrative cooperation level among administrative staff working in sports institutions in Maysan Governorate, as well as to reveal nature of correlation between both concept. researcher adopted a descriptive approach with a correlational method, as it was suitable for study outcome and problem. Community consisted of administrative staff working in sports institutions, while sample comprised 120 individuals selected randomly. To collect data, researcher used two scales: Organizational Climate Scale developed by Al-Bakri and Hazem (2016), and Administrative Cooperation Scale developed based on relevant administrative literature. Both scales were based on a five-point Likert scale. Results showed that administrative staff have a good level of organizational climate and a high level of administrative cooperation, they also showed a strong, statistically significant positive correlation between organizational climate and administrative cooperation. Concluded that improving organizational climate directly contributes to enhancing administrative cooperation among staff, which positively impacts institutional performance. Recommended that focusing on developing work environment within sports organizations, promoting effective leadership styles, and fostering a spirit of teamwork among employees.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mahdi Sayed Attia (Author)
Three-Dimensional Biomechanical Analysis of Movement Patterns Associated with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in Football Players
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are common and serious musculoskeletal injuries in football, due to their negative impact on players’ health, the continuity of their sporting careers, and individual and team performance levels. Three-dimensional biomechanical analysis is an objective and accurate tool for identifying movement patterns associated with an increased risk of injury, particularly those that are difficult to observe or assess effectively using traditional two-dimensional analysis methods. The study aimed to determine the three-dimensional kinematic and kinetic characteristics of the lower limbs during the performance of high-risk movement tasks similar to those required in football among players from three clubs in the Iraqi Premier League, as well as to compare biomechanical risk indicators between the clubs and to reveal the relationship between specific movement patterns and the composite risk of anterior cruciate ligament injury. A descriptive, cross-sectional study design was employed. The study sample comprised sixty male football players, with twenty players from each of the Al-Samarra, Al-Alam and Al-Dour clubs. Data were collected using the VICON Nexus 3D motion capture system, comprising 12 cameras at 200 Hz, two Kistler force plates at 1000 Hz, and the Noraxon Ultium system for measuring electromyography (EMG) at 2000 Hz. The players performed three standardised movement tasks: a 45-degree cut on one leg, a two-foot landing after a jump, and a 180-degree turn. The main variables included the maximum internal knee varus angle, peak ground reaction force, lower limb joint flexion angles at the moment of first contact, and the joint muscle contraction index. The results showed statistically significant differences between the clubs in knee varus angle, with an F-value of F(2,57) = 8.34, a significance level of p = 001., and an effect size of η² = .226, as well as in peak ground reaction force (F(2,57) = 6.21, p = 00.3, η² = 179.) and in knee flexion angle (F(2,57) = 7.85, p = 00.1, η² = 216.). The knee varus angle also showed the strongest correlation with the composite risk score for anterior cruciate ligament injury, with a correlation coefficient of r = 82. at a significance level of p < .001. Group analysis revealed two distinct risk profiles: the first was a high-risk biomechanical profile, characterised by a marked increase in knee varus and a reduced knee flexion angle; the second was a low-risk profile, characterised by a better degree of protective co-contraction. IIraqi footballers in the clubs included in the study exhibited biomechanical patterns associated with an increased risk of anterior cruciate ligament injury whilst performing football-specific motor tasks. Differences between clubs suggest that risk indicators may be influenced by multiple factors, including the nature of training programmes, pitch surface characteristics, and the level of strength training and neuromuscular control. The study’s findings underscore the importance of implementing targeted preventive programmes to reduce ACL injuries in Iraqi football clubs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muthanna Harith Ekrayyem, Maysaa Khalid Ahmed (Author)
Development of Handball Athletes' Potential: Coaches' Strategies in Training Beginner Handball Athletes
This study aims to examine coaches’ strategies in developing the potential of beginner handball athletes comprehensively, covering technical, tactical, physical, and psychological aspects. Early-age athlete development is an essential foundation in building a competitive handball sports ecosystem at both national and international levels. The research employed a descriptive qualitative method with a case study approach conducted at beginner handball clubs in South Sulawesi Province. Data were collected through participatory observation, in-depth interviews with certified coaches and athletes, and analysis of training program documents. The findings indicate that effective coaching strategies include the design of structured and progressive training programs, the application of individualized approaches based on athletes’ ability profiles, the development of character and competitive mentality, and the implementation of regular performance monitoring. Athlete-centered coaching has been proven to significantly enhance the intrinsic motivation and technical abilities of beginner athletes. The conclusion of this study emphasizes that the success of beginner handball athlete development is highly determined by the quality of coaching strategies that are adaptive, communicative, and grounded in scientific evidence
Handball, Beginner Athletes, Coaching Strategies, Sports Development, Potential Development
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Fadli (Author)
The Impact of Functional Strength Training on Balance Agility and Injury Prevention in Young Athletes
The purpose of this research was to determine how functional strength (FST) training over 12 weeks influenced injured young competitive athletes’ dynamic balance, agility, and incidence of injury. The project used 40 young competitive athletes (mean age = 15.3±1.2 years) as participants and was designed as a randomized controlled trial with 20 in the experimental FST group and 20 in the active control (AC) group. Balance was measured by the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) composite score; agility was measured with the Illinois Agility Test (IAT) time; and the number of injuries suffered per 1000 athlete exposures (AE) was used to determine how each group differed regarding incidence of injury. Other measures included the 1-repetition maximum (1-RM) back squat for lower-body strength, joint position sense (JPS) for proprioceptive acuity, and the composite score of the Functional Movement Screen test (FMS) for quality of movement. Compared to Control an FST condition had much larger impact on SEBT composite scores (Delta 13.4% vs 4.4%: p<.001; d=2.04) and IAT (Delta 11.3% vs 4.7%: p<.001; d=1.58) as well as Injuries (Delta -60.4% vs -23.4%: p<.001; d=1.87). With all between-group effect sizes being considered large, the data strongly supports the use of FST in early phases of injury prevention and performance enhancement for youth athletes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alaa Hashim Ahmed (Author)
The Effect of the KWL Strategy on the Acquisition of Some Basic Basketball Skills by Students
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the K.W.L. strategy on cognitive achievement and the learning of some basic basketball skills among secondary school students. The researcher employed an experimental approach using a two-group design (experimental and control groups) with pre- and post-tests. The research population consisted of 120 fourth-year secondary school students at the University Co-educational Secondary School for the academic year 2025–2026. A sample of 40 students was selected at random and divided into two groups of 20 students each. The experimental group adopted the K.W.L. strategy, whilst the control group used the traditional method. The skills tests included: the chest compression test, the defibrillation test, and the first-aid assessment test, with the validity, reliability and objectivity of the tests verified. The main experiment lasted for eight weeks, with one teaching unit per week, incorporating the stages of the (What do I know? What do I want to know? What have I learnt?) within the main section of the lesson. The results showed statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests in favour of the post-tests in both groups; however, the improvement was greater in the experimental group. The results also showed that the experimental group outperformed the control group in all the skills under investigation, confirming the effectiveness of the K.W.L. strategy in improving skill learning and cognitive achievement in basketball. The researcher attributes this to the strategy’s role in activating prior knowledge, increasing mental engagement, and enhancing motivation and feedback during learning. The study recommended the need to employ active learning strategies, particularly the K.W.L. strategy, in physical education teaching and to apply them to different sports and educational stages.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmed Rahim Latif (Author)
Effects of Resistance Training Periodization on Power Output and Sprint Performance in Track Athletes
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of resistance training periodization on power output and sprint performance in a cohort of track athletes. The researchers employed an experimental design—repeated measures. There were twenty male (100 m, 200 m, and 400 m) track athletes that took part in the study. The participants completed an 8-week periodized program utilising resistance training consisting of three sessions per week progressing from maximal strength development to strength–power conversion. Performance variables included countermovement jump (CMJ), peak power, 10 m and 30 m sprint time, and force–velocity profile indicators (F0, V0, and Pmax). Pre- and post-tests were conducted under controlled conditions. For statistical analyses, paired-samples t-tests were performed, and significance was set at p ≤ 0.05; effect sizes (Cohen’s d) were also calculated. Consequently, the authors found that all variables improved, with CMJ height and CMJ peak power increasing 11.76% and 10.29%, respectively, highlighting an improvement in lower-limb explosive power. Sprint performance was significantly improved (4.40% and 3.74% reductions in 10 m and 30 m sprint times, respectively). There were positive adaptations according to the force–velocity profile variables, with F0 (+7.48%), V0 (+3.91%), and Pmax (+9.75%) values all increasing. The authors reported that the effect sizes were mostly large. In conclusion, our findings indicated that periodized resistance training increased both power output and 10m sprint times in track athletes. Progressively transitioning from maximal strength to explosive power appears to be an effective approach to enhance neuromuscular adaptations and sprint-specific performance in this population. As such, periodized resistance training should be integrated within sprint training programs to optimize athletic performance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Idrees Saad Mahmood (Author)
A Comparative Study of Some Biomechanical Variables According to Physical Biorhythm Curve Among Young High Jumpers
This study aimed to identify some biomechanical variables in high jump performance of young athletes according to positive and negative biorhythm curve. It also aimed to identify differences in some biomechanical variables during positive and negative biorhythm cycles. The researcher hypothesized existence of statistically significant differences in some biomechanical variables during high jump performance of young athletes, favoring positive biorhythm cycle. The researcher used descriptive method, as it was suitable for study outcome. Four high jumpers from specialized schools participating in Southern Region Championship were selected to perform youth high jump. These athletes had achieved top rankings after homogenization of some variables. Athletes were photographed according to their positive and negative biorhythm cycles, calculated for each athlete based on their birth date and date of test. The researcher used appropriate statistical methods for outcome of study, including mean, standard deviation, t -test for paired samples, and simple correlation coefficient, to extract differences among values of biomechanical variables according to biomechanical rhythm curve. The most important conclusions of research revealed statistically significant differences in some biomechanical variables between positive and negative phases of physical cycle, favoring positive phase. No significant differences were found in angle of support and time of stand-up between positive and negative phases of physical cycle. Statistically significant differences were found in following kinematic variables stand-up knee angle, stand-up angle, and vertical speed, favoring positive phase of biomechanical rhythm cycle. The most important recommendations adoption of a systematic scientific record for recording data for each player, along with periodic monitoring of phases of biomechanical rhythm and identifying rise and fall of cycle. This will enable coaches to diagnose fluctuations in physical abilities according to cycle variables. It is necessary for trainers to pay attention to physical biorhythm cycle when preparing and implementing training programs by taking into account positive and negative phases, which contributes to regulating training loads to improve level of performance and achievement.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mudhafar Oraibi Baieji (Author)
The Effect of Harmonic Ability Exercises on 110m Hurdles Performance Among Physical Education and Sport Science Students
This study aims to determine the most important harmonic capabilities in the effectiveness of the 110m hurdles event and to investigate whether these capabilities are positively influenced by a structured program of harmonic ability exercises among Physical Education and Sport Science students. An experimental design with control and experimental groups was employed. Ten students from the College of Physical Education and Health Sciences (Al-Mustaqbal University) were randomly selected and equally divided into two groups of five each. A four-week harmonic ability exercise program was implemented with the experimental group, comprising two sessions per week. Pre-tests and post-tests of 110m hurdles performance were conducted, and data were analyzed using arithmetic mean, standard deviation, Pearson correlation, skewness coefficient, and paired samples t-test. Statistically significant differences were found between the pre-test and post-test results of the experimental group in 110m hurdles performance (p < 0.05), while the control group showed no significant improvement. The experimental group demonstrated meaningful advancement in achievement levels compared to the control group. Purposefully designed harmonic ability exercises significantly accelerate the development of coordination and performance in the 110m hurdles among Physical Education and Sport Science students. These exercises are recommended for integration into teaching and training curricula.
Copyright (c) 2026 Iftekar Matar Baqir, Zana Hashim Ismael, Mohammed Layth Mohammed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Biokinetic Analysis of Arm Movement During the Shot Put and its Relationship to Throwing Distance Among Students
This research aims to study the biomechanics of the shot put event and analyse the biomechanical variables influencing it, thereby providing coaches and athletes with an accurate scientific tool for performance evaluation and the identification of strengths and weaknesses. The shot put is an event that requires a high level of skill and physical fitness, particularly with the recent advancements in the use of modern imaging and analysis equipment. The research problem stems from the practical observation conducted by the researcher on students at the Faculty of Physical Education, which revealed a notable disparity in numerical results (distance achieved) in the shot put event, despite the relative similarity in the students’ physical composition. Hence, the research objectives were to identify certain biomechanical changes associated with shot put performance, and the researcher hypothesised the existence of a statistically significant relationship between performance level and the biomechanical variables studied. The research methodology and field procedures were then addressed, with the researcher adopting a descriptive approach using correlational methods due to its suitability for the nature of the problem; the research sample comprised 12 fourth-year students. The results were then presented and discussed, leading to a set of conclusions and recommendations. The results showed a statistically significant correlation between the take-off angle, take-off speed, take-off height, and the level of performance in the shot put. Consequently, the researcher recommended that further similar studies be conducted on other track and field events, emphasising the importance of taking these variables into account during training and instruction
Copyright (c) 2026 Muthanna Harith Ekrayyem (Author)
Legal Knowledge and its Relation to some Offensive Skills Ending with Shooting from Jumps and Lay-up Performance Among Secondary School Basketball Team Players
Legal knowledge is a crucial aspect of sports, particularly basketball, as it guides and organizes skillful performance within correct framework of rules. A player's familiarity with rules of game helps avoid mistakes and improve performance quality, especially in offensive skills that require precision and speed of execution. This study aimed to identify relations between legal knowledge and performance of some offensive skills ending with shooting jumping shoot and lay-up shoot among secondary school basketball team players. The researchers used descriptive approach with correlational relationships, as it was suitable for nature of problem. Sample was selected purposively from players of teams that qualified for semi-finals of school championship, totaling 40 players. A legal knowledge scale consisting of 75 items was applied, in addition to conducting skill performance tests for skills under investigation. Data were statistically analyzed using simple correlation coefficient (Pearson). Results showed a significant positive correlation between legal knowledge and performance of offensive skills ending with shooting, indicating that a higher level of legal knowledge among players contributes to improving their skill performance. the researchers concluded that legal knowledge represents an important factor in developing skill performance in basketball, as it plays a role in guiding performance and reducing errors, recommended necessity of paying attention to this aspect within educational and training programs and conducting similar studies on different groups.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zaid Abdulzahra Hamidi, Luay Jaleel Manshad (Author)
The Effect of Rapid Learning Strategy on Creative Thinking and Performance of Reception and Blocking Skills in Volleyball
This study Purpose to develop and implement educational exercises Based on a rapid learning strategy to increase volleyball reception and between blocking skills middle school students, During the exam its impact but creative thinking. The researcher hypothesized that both experimental and control groups would be shown. Significant improvements from pre- test to post- test, and that the experimental group will perform significantly better. The control group in the test steps after both creative thinking and volleyball skill performance. A quasi- experimental design was used with 60 fifth- grade female students is randomly selected from Al- Mutamayyat Girls’ Secondary School (under the Second Karkh Education Directorate, Baghdad) below 2023– 2024 educational year. Validated instruments were administered for testing. Creative thinking and receiving/ blocking performance. The experimental group complete eight instructional units (one 45- minute session per week over eight weeks), with 30 minutes of each session Dedicated to the rapid learning exercises. Continue with the control group the standard physical education curriculum, While the intervention happened between April 3 and April 26, 2024. All data was treated using SPSS. The analysis This embedding was revealed rapid learning Exercises in volleyball lessons created measurable gains I both technical execution and creative thinking between fifth- grade students. Based on these findings, Teacher design similar activities It should include conscious actions that require cognitive flexibility and real- time problem Solution Doing this keeps students mentally engaged while improving their physical skills.
Volleyball Reception and Blocking Skills
Copyright (c) 2026 Alia Hussein Farhan, Fadia Abdul Hussein Kadhim, Salah Mahmoud Salman, Tahseen Hosni Tahseen (Author)