Jurnal Pendidikan Kepelatihan Olahraga: PEJUANG
This journal presents a variety of current research and articles on developments in sports, covering physical, mental, and social aspects. With a focus on improving athletic performance, public health, and innovation in training techniques, this journal aims to provide in-depth insights for researchers, coaches, and sports enthusiasts. Each issue features relevant study findings, analyses of the latest trends, and discussions on sports policies that impact society.
Program Studi Pendidikan Kepelatihan Olahraga
Biokinetic Analysis of Arm Movement During the Shot Put and its Relationship to Throwing Distance Among Students
This research aims to study the biomechanics of the shot put event and analyse the biomechanical variables influencing it, thereby providing coaches and athletes with an accurate scientific tool for performance evaluation and the identification of strengths and weaknesses. The shot put is an event that requires a high level of skill and physical fitness, particularly with the recent advancements in the use of modern imaging and analysis equipment. The research problem stems from the practical observation conducted by the researcher on students at the Faculty of Physical Education, which revealed a notable disparity in numerical results (distance achieved) in the shot put event, despite the relative similarity in the students’ physical composition. Hence, the research objectives were to identify certain biomechanical changes associated with shot put performance, and the researcher hypothesised the existence of a statistically significant relationship between performance level and the biomechanical variables studied. The research methodology and field procedures were then addressed, with the researcher adopting a descriptive approach using correlational methods due to its suitability for the nature of the problem; the research sample comprised 12 fourth-year students. The results were then presented and discussed, leading to a set of conclusions and recommendations. The results showed a statistically significant correlation between the take-off angle, take-off speed, take-off height, and the level of performance in the shot put. Consequently, the researcher recommended that further similar studies be conducted on other track and field events, emphasising the importance of taking these variables into account during training and instruction
Copyright (c) 2026 Muthanna Harith Ekrayyem (Author)
Legal Knowledge and its Relation to some Offensive Skills Ending with Shooting from Jumps and Lay-up Performance Among Secondary School Basketball Team Players
Legal knowledge is a crucial aspect of sports, particularly basketball, as it guides and organizes skillful performance within correct framework of rules. A player's familiarity with rules of game helps avoid mistakes and improve performance quality, especially in offensive skills that require precision and speed of execution. This study aimed to identify relations between legal knowledge and performance of some offensive skills ending with shooting jumping shoot and lay-up shoot among secondary school basketball team players. The researchers used descriptive approach with correlational relationships, as it was suitable for nature of problem. Sample was selected purposively from players of teams that qualified for semi-finals of school championship, totaling 40 players. A legal knowledge scale consisting of 75 items was applied, in addition to conducting skill performance tests for skills under investigation. Data were statistically analyzed using simple correlation coefficient (Pearson). Results showed a significant positive correlation between legal knowledge and performance of offensive skills ending with shooting, indicating that a higher level of legal knowledge among players contributes to improving their skill performance. the researchers concluded that legal knowledge represents an important factor in developing skill performance in basketball, as it plays a role in guiding performance and reducing errors, recommended necessity of paying attention to this aspect within educational and training programs and conducting similar studies on different groups.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zaid Abdulzahra Hamidi, Luay Jaleel Manshad (Author)
The Effect of Rapid Learning Strategy on Creative Thinking and Performance of Reception and Blocking Skills in Volleyball
This study Purpose to develop and implement educational exercises Based on a rapid learning strategy to increase volleyball reception and between blocking skills middle school students, During the exam its impact but creative thinking. The researcher hypothesized that both experimental and control groups would be shown. Significant improvements from pre- test to post- test, and that the experimental group will perform significantly better. The control group in the test steps after both creative thinking and volleyball skill performance. A quasi- experimental design was used with 60 fifth- grade female students is randomly selected from Al- Mutamayyat Girls’ Secondary School (under the Second Karkh Education Directorate, Baghdad) below 2023– 2024 educational year. Validated instruments were administered for testing. Creative thinking and receiving/ blocking performance. The experimental group complete eight instructional units (one 45- minute session per week over eight weeks), with 30 minutes of each session Dedicated to the rapid learning exercises. Continue with the control group the standard physical education curriculum, While the intervention happened between April 3 and April 26, 2024. All data was treated using SPSS. The analysis This embedding was revealed rapid learning Exercises in volleyball lessons created measurable gains I both technical execution and creative thinking between fifth- grade students. Based on these findings, Teacher design similar activities It should include conscious actions that require cognitive flexibility and real- time problem Solution Doing this keeps students mentally engaged while improving their physical skills.
Volleyball Reception and Blocking Skills
Copyright (c) 2026 Alia Hussein Farhan, Fadia Abdul Hussein Kadhim, Salah Mahmoud Salman, Tahseen Hosni Tahseen (Author)
The Effect of Metabolic Resistance Training (MRT) on Improving Muscle and Bone Density and wing Shooting Accuracy in Young Handball Players
This study explores how young wing handball players who are affected by Metabolic Resistance Training (MRT), an integration of resistance workouts and high-intensity cardio. The challenges faced by wing players are clear, needing not only physical stamina and strength but also accuracy when shooting from close quarters while the player jumping in the air. The participants' risk of injuries, such as bone stress and muscular strains, are increased by the frequent falls and different body positions that occur during the match. Therefore, increasing bone and muscle density are essential to reduce the risk of injuries while improving performance. Conventional training frequently fails to meet these needs. 12 wing handball players, ages 16 to 18, participated in this study using an experimental approach. Over the course of 8 weeks, they attended MRT sessions three times a week. To improve technical proficiency for this physically demanding position, the study intends to evaluate how MRT affects muscle and bone density as well as wing shooting accuracy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jurnal Pendidikan Kepelatihan Olahraga: PEJUANG
Effectiveness of a Proposed Educational Program Based on Specific Exercises to Develop Motor Abilities and Technical Proficiency in Shot Put Competition Among Physical Education Students
This study aimed to develop a proposed training program based on specific exercises to enhance motor skills agility, coordination, and balance. And to determine its impact on technical performance and distance achieved in shot put. The researcher applied two equivalent groups in an experimental design, using a sample of 30 students from Wasit University. Program comprised eight training sessions, delivered twice weekly for four weeks. Results demonstrated superiority of experimental group in all post-tests, indicating that specific exercises effectively addressed technical errors during gliding phase and improved movement flow. Conclusion proposed educational program achieved a qualitative leap in motor skills and technical efficiency for weightlifting activity, and proved that variety in exercises creates a spirit of excitement and suspense and stimulates learning. Students' motor skills, technical performance, and weightlifting accomplishment were all enhanced by selecting workouts in accordance with the rule of learning (from easy to tough). The study suggests incorporating certain motor workouts into throwing event curriculum.
Role of Audio-Visual Media and its Relationship with Players of Baghdad Directorates' National Teams from Viewpoint of Coaches in Sports and Scouting Activity Departments
Role of audio-visual media and its relationship with players of Baghdad directorates' national teams from viewpoint of coaches in sports and scouting activity department. Visual and Audio Media Role besides its Relationship with Baghdad Education Directorates' Teams Players from Coaches visions in Sports and Scouting Activities Department. Role of visual and audio media lies in highlighting its relationship with players of education directorates teams from vision of coaches. Visual and audio media in field of sports is one of most prominent and important tools in media system for raising level of national team players. descriptive approach using an analytical survey method was adopted, as it is suitable for nature of solving research problem. research population and sample consisted of all coaches in Department of Sports Activities at General Directorate of Physical Education and School Activities in Ministry of Education. research sample was selected purposively and consisted of (30) individuals. After collecting and processing results, researcher reached following conclusions: Sports media plays a role in conveying activities, message, and goals of national teams to players, contributing to sports education and awareness, highlighting roles of champions, stars, and teams, and indirectly documenting activities. Research reached following conclusions existence of media coverage for educational championships, in addition to effective role in spreading sportsmanship, away from hatred and fanaticism. Audio-visual media helps spread sports culture among members of society. Working on disseminating sports-related information, news, and obstacles. Consolidating sports values, principles, trends, and sustainability. It is clear that every society possesses a value system that determines patterns of sports behavior.
The Effect of Rehabilitation Exercises Using Certain Physiotherapy Techniques on Improving Range of Motion and Muscle Strength in Patients with Partial Tears of the Carpal Tunnel Ligament
The introduction and significance of the research on rehabilitation exercises lie in the fact that they are one of the fundamental therapeutic methods in the field of integrated treatment of injuries. The researcher also addressed the research problem, which lies in the lack of interest in therapeutic exercises among patients in general, and particularly those with ligament tears in the wrist joint that restrict its movement. The researcher employed an experimental approach, as it was deemed suitable for the nature of the research problem, at the Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Centre in Kirkuk Governorate. The research sample was selected using a purposive sampling method following diagnosis by a specialist doctor, comprising four patients with partial tears of the carpal tunnel ligament. A set of rehabilitation exercises was prepared using various physiotherapy methods, including (paraffin wax, non-resistance exercises and resistance exercises). These were applied over 21 rehabilitation sessions, three days a week (Sunday, Tuesday and Thursday), to assess their impact on range of motion, muscle strength and sensory function in the area affected by the partial tear of the carpal tunnel ligament. The results were analysed using SPSS, and the researcher reached several conclusions, the most important of which is that the rehabilitation exercises used in the study are highly effective in restoring the range of motion and muscle strength of the wrist joint, thereby increasing its flexibility, stability and sensory perception during use. The researcher’s key recommendation is to use these exercises in the rehabilitation of injuries to other joints in the body.
Impact of A Learning Approach Based on Feedback (Immediate and Delayed) on Learning Chest Passing Skill in Basketball for Students
Despite extensive assertions by curriculum, teaching methodologies, and movement science experts regarding crucial role of feedback as a pivotal variable in improving educational outcomes and acquiring motor skills, field observations and the researcher's practical experience in educational institutions, particularly in context of working with individuals with various special needs, revealed shortcomings in optimal scientific and technical application of feedback strategies by teaching staff. The researcher adopted experimental method, as it is the most suitable approach for verifying cause-and-effect relationships between independent and dependent variables. Experimental design, based on two equivalent groups, was implemented includes pre- and post-test, to ensure isolation of extraneous variables and to verify true effect of feedback patterns (immediate and delayed) on learning the skill under study. Sample was defined as the fifth-grade students at Al-Mudhariyah Primary School for Boys during 2023-2024 academic year, totaling (90) students with an average age of (11) years, sample was selected using simple random sampling, comprising (30) students, representing approximately 34% of the original community. Current research aims to check effectiveness of immediate feedback and late In developing the technical performance skill of chest passing in basketball, to reveal effectiveness of both feedback (immediate and delayed) and extent of their impact on acquiring and mastering basketball rebounding skill. Results show real-time feedback has proven to be tangibly effective in accelerating acquisition of chest passing skills among students, statistically significant differences in favor of this type of information provision. Results revealed no statistically significant differences between two feedback patterns (immediate and delayed) in pre-test stage, confirming homogeneity of research groups and randomness of initial differences before intervention of independent variable.
Impact of Using Karplus Model to Develop Inferential Reasoning Skills and Legal Knowledge in Handball Among Students
The research aims to identify on effect Model Carplus in development skills thinking inferential and knowledge For the articles of the law in ball hand I have The students, and the researcher assumed there were Differences The indication Statistics in The two tests Tribal Post-test for the experimental group In the variables in thinking inferential and knowledge Legal in ball hand I have The students. The researcher also used the experimental method as it was suitable for the nature of the research, and the researcher conducted his research on Students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences At university Samarra For the academic year 2024/2025, (68) students were chosen randomly. The participants were divided into three groups, and group (A) was chosen by lot to represent the experimental group. The researcher used statistical methods including the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, independent samples t-test, paired samples t-test, and percentage. The researcher concluded that the Karplus model had a positive effect. in development skills thinking inferential and knowledge Legal in ball hand I have The students, and the researcher also recommended emphasizing the importance of using the Karplus model in developing inferential thinking skills in handball and moving away from traditional methods that bring boredom and weak motivation towards learning, and using this model in other games.
Karplus Model; Inferential Reasoning; Knowledge Legal; Handball; Students.
Evaluation of Job Performance Among Administrative Staff of First Division and Premier League Handball Clubs in Southern Region
Importance of this research lies in need to inform those involved in and interested in handball that there must be a scale that provides an objective numerical value for evaluating functional performance of club administrations supervised by sub-federation or central federation. This numerical assessment serves as evidence of progress achieved in organizational performance, and thus this metric evaluates efforts of administrators or demonstrates extent of their work. research problem arises from importance of diagnosing current state of performance. job performance of employees in sports clubs is one of most important organizational variables for success of work in government departments, organizations, and institutions, as it will reflect on administrative performance of employees due to its significant impact on achieving goals. efficient and effective planning demonstrates importance of understanding nature and essence of prevailing job performance in its various dimensions within any public or private organization. Therefore, researcher defined her research problem with following question: What is level of job performance of administrators’ study focused on first and premier division handball clubs in southern region. Its objectives were to develop a performance measurement scale for administrators of these clubs and to assess their job performance. first and premier division handball clubs in southern region – researcher used descriptive method with survey and correlational study approach, as it is appropriate method to solve research problem and achieve its objectives. researcher defined research population. deliberate method involved first and premier league handball clubs in southern region for 2023-2024 sports season, totaling (196) administrators. research samples represented entire research population, thus research sample size reached (100% of research population. research samples were divided using simple random sampling into three sections: pilot study sample (16 administrators), construction sample (100 administrators), and application sample (80 administrators). most important conclusion is that job performance scale was built and is suitable for measuring job performance of sports club administrators in southern region in handball.
The Effectiveness of A Training Program Using Vertical Jump Device (Vertimax) on Some Biomechanical Variables in Performance of Undulating Serve Skill in Volleyball for Players
Development of biomechanical elements associated with performance and precision of some fundamental volleyball skills is where research is most important using exercises on training device (vertimax), which considers demands of particular talent when training on it, as training is carried out according to motor paths of each skill independently to advance physical elements of trained skills, which are reflected in biomechanical aspects of each skill, which differs from traditional methods of giving physical exercises, as physical and skill training on this device is closer to nature of players' talent performance on field. In addition, exercises have been built on a mechanical basis that matches character of skill's real on-field performance. research's objectives are to design exercises with Verti Max device that are appropriate for research sample's abilities and to determine how these exercises affect development of certain biomechanical markers of young volleyball players' proficiency with undulating serve from jump. research community consists of young volleyball players from Babylon clubs (Al-Mahaweel Club) youth category, numbering (16) players. following criteria were used to choose research sample: They will be Al-Mahaweel Sports Club's young players for 2022–2023 season, and there will be ten of them. players were split up into two groups by researcher: a control group and an experimental group, which was assigned a number of five, numbering (5), and they constitute (63%) of total community. This was done by drawing lots, as investigator came to conclusion that suggested workouts have an effect in developing skill of crushing in some biomechanical variables (angular velocity of striking arm, shoulder angle now of striking, instantaneous velocity of ball’s exit, and torso angle at moment of striking).
Effect of Practical Demonstration Strategy on Skills of Forward Roll and Headstand in Artistic Gymnastics for Students
The use of practical demonstration techniques in teaching certain feats, such headstands and front rolls, is crucial for raising students' ability levels. Additionally, it improves their involvement and comprehension of skills in a more profound and unique way. The purpose of the study was to determine how students' front roll and headstand skills in artistic gymnastics were affected by practical demonstration techniques. Because the experimental research approach is consistent with tackling the topic under investigation, the researcher employed it. He created two comparable groups: the experimental group and the control group. For the academic year 2024–2025, the research community represented second-year students at the University of Wasit's College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. A total of 110 students were divided among five classes, each with twenty-two students: A, B, C, D, and E. A lottery was used to choose Class (A) as the experimental group and Class (C) as the control group. The researcher came to the conclusion that some rolling abilities were developed as a result of the practical demonstration technique. Second-year students do headstands and forward rolls.
The Effect of Skill Exercises on Some Bio-kinetic Abilities and Developing the Basic Skills of Emerging Football Players
The purpose of this paper is to be preparing skill exercises to train some basic skills for emerging football players and identify the effect of skill exercises on bio-kinetic abilities and develop some basic skills for emerging football players. The researcher used the method the experimental method was conducted in two equal groups with pre- and post-tests to suit the research problem. The researcher selected a population of (40) players emerging from the Specialized Center for Nurturing Sports Talent in Football. The sample was divided into two experimental and control groups, as the number of students in the experimental group reached (15) players, while the group the number of players has reached (15) . One of the most important results reached by the researcher is that: The training program prepared by the researcher suits the skill exercises for the research sample, who are emerging football players, and there is a noticeable development in the level of bio-kinetic abilities and basic football skills among the research sample and for the experimental and control groups. According to these conclusions. One of the most important recommendations recommended by the researchers is that: Using the program and skill exercises used in the current research to conduct other studies and experiments on other age groups and introducing trainers into development courses that consider the use of modern and advanced methods in training, especially training age groups.
The Effect of a Training Curriculum Using Auxiliary Means in Developing the Skills of Long-Distance Passing and Receiving the Ball (Putting Down) for Al-Tahadi Youth Football Club Players
The purpose of this paper is to preparing a proposed training curriculum using auxiliary means to develop football passing and putting down skills, identifying the differences between the pre- and post-tests in the skills of passing and putting down football for the experimental and control groups, and identifying the differences in post-tests between the control and experimental groups in the skills of long-distance passing and football putting down. The researcher adopted the experimental method, as the researcher must choose the appropriate method to solve a problem. The research community was chosen by the researcher in an intentional manner, and they were the young football players of the Al-Tahadi Sports Club, the total number of which was (22) players. Since the number was limited, they were chosen as a sample for the research by 100%, as they were divided into a reconnaissance sample, numbering (2). One player, and into two groups: a control group and an experimental group. The number of each group is (10) players after conducting a process of homogeneity and equality among them. One of the most important results reached by the researcher is that: There are statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests and for the control and experimental groups in the skills of long-distance passing and putting down, in favor of the post-tests, and there are statistically significant differences in the post-tests between the control and experimental groups in the skills of long-distance passing and putting down, in favor of the post-tests of the experimental group.
Training curriculum, Auxiliary means, Passing and putting down, Al-Tahadi Sports Club
Self-Management and Its Relationship with the Level of Job Satisfaction among Physical Education Teachers in the Center of Al-Diwaniyah Governorate
The present study aimed to identify the level of self-management and the level of job satisfaction among physical education teachers in the center of Al-Diwaniyah Governorate, as well as to examine the nature of the relationship between the two variables. The researcher adopted the descriptive method using the correlational approach, as it is appropriate for the nature and objectives of the study. The research population consisted of physical education teachers working in schools in the center of Al-Diwaniyah Governorate. The research sample included (90) teachers, selected using an appropriate sampling method. Two research instruments were used: the Self-Management Scale and the Job Satisfaction Scale, each consisting of (30) items based on a five-point Likert scale. The psychometric properties of both scales, including validity and reliability, were verified prior to application. The results indicated that physical education teachers possess a high level of self-management and a moderate to high level of job satisfaction, as the calculated means were higher than the hypothetical means with statistically significant differences. The results also revealed a positive statistically significant correlation between self-management and job satisfaction, with a correlation coefficient of (r = 0.53) at a significance level of (0.01). This indicates that higher levels of self-management contribute to increased job satisfaction among physical education teachers. In light of the findings, the researcher recommended paying greater attention to developing self-management skills among physical education teachers through training and counseling programs, due to their positive impact on job satisfaction, professional performance, and the quality of the educational process.
Concurrent Validity and Reliability of MediaPipe Pose Estimation for Kinematic Analysis of the Clean Lift in Physical Education Students
The aim of this research was to evaluate how well the MediaPipe performs in comparison to Kinovea in analyzing key kinematic parameters in the clean lift movement for physical education students, and how reliable the MediaPipe is in doing so. The research design used in this study was descriptive, combined with both comparative and correlational research approaches. The researchers recruited 30 first-year physical education students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences and conducted an experiment on their clean lift movement, captured by high-speed cameras and analyzed using both the MediaPipe and Kinovea. The data analyzed included the knee, hip, and ankle joint angles, and barbell movement, such as vertical velocity, vertical displacement, and bar path. The data analysis involved the use of descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, intraclass correlation, root mean square error, paired t-test, and Bland-Altman plots. The findings showed that the MediaPipe and Kinovea are highly comparable, particularly in analyzing the velocity of the barbell, where the correlation coefficient between the two tools was 0.96, showing high concurrent validity. There were no significant differences between the two methods. The reliability of the MediaPipe in analyzing the kinematics of the clean lift movement was high, as the correlation coefficient ranged between 0.85 and 0.91, showing high stability in the measurements. The analysis of the bar path movement showed high comparability between the two methods. The conclusion drawn from the research is that the MediaPipe is an effective and affordable tool for analyzing the kinematics of the clean lift movement and thus can be used in both educational and research settings.
Lateral Thinking According to Brain Dominance Patterns and its Relationship to the Accuracy of Complex Skill Performance Among Football Students
This study aimed to examine the relationship between brain dominance tendencies and an individual’s creative thinking ability, as well as its impact on high level performance in football. The participants consisted of 59 third year students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Samarra. A descriptive research design with a correlational approach was employed. All participants were assessed using the Torrance Brain Dominance Scale to classify them into three categories: right-brain dominant (22 students), left-brain dominant (19 students), and integrated (both right and left-brain dominant) (18 students). Lateral thinking ability was measured using the Lateral Thinking Scale developed by Al-Qazwini. In addition, four performance tests previously developed and standardized for the same sample were used to assess skill performance. The results revealed a statistically significant negative (inverse) correlation between lateral thinking ability and final skill performance across all brain dominance patterns. The integrated group demonstrated the best performance, with a mean lateral thinking score of 16.4 and an average performance time of 59.8 seconds. This group also showed the strongest negative correlation coefficient (r = -0.63; p = 0.006). In contrast, the left-brain dominant group exhibited the weakest correlation (r = -0.38). Based on these findings, it can be concluded that integrated brain dominance enhances an individual’s ability to process complex skills. This advantage is reflected in faster response times, greater accuracy, and improved execution of innovative actions under test conditions, resulting from the effective integration of both left and right brain functions.
Brain Dominance, Lateral Thinking, Complex Skill Performance, Football, University of Samarra.
The Effect of Platelet-rich Plasma Injections on Improving Motor Function in Runners with Achilles Tendinitis
This study aims to investigate the effect of Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) injections on improving motor function in runners with Achilles tendinitis. Achilles tendinitis is considered one of the most common injuries among runners due to the repetitive mechanical stress placed on the tendon during training and competition. The researcher adopted the experimental method with a single-group design as it suits the nature of the study. The sample consisted of eight runners diagnosed with Achilles tendinitis from Baghdad clubs, selected purposively. The participants underwent a PRP injection protocol in accordance with approved medical procedures, and motor function was assessed before and after the injection using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), the Single-Leg Hop Test, and the VISA-A questionnaire for Achilles tendon- -function assessment. The results revealed a statistically significant improvement in all motor function indicators following the injection protocol, with reduced pain intensity and improved hopping ability and overall tendon functional performance. The study concluded that PRP injections represent an effective and safe therapeutic option for treating Achilles tendinitis in runners and improving their motor function.
Directional Reversal Locomotor Training: Effects on Executive Function and Dynamic Balance in Children Aged 6–7 Years
Cognitively enhanced physical activity could contribute to improving the executive functions for children. However, the particularity of motor-cognitive adaptations throughout various fields are still not clear. The current study aims at examining the impact of directional reversal locomotor training (DRLT) on executive functions and dynamic balance for the stage of early school children. In a randomized controlled trial, 64 first-grade children (with ages 6–7 years) were distributed to the DRLT group (n = 32) or the group, which takes regular physical education classes (n = 32) for 8 weeks. Executive functions were assessed using HTKS-R test and the dynamic balance was assessed using the Y-Balance Test – Lower Quarter. Results after intervention were analyzed using the Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). DRLT program demonstrated a significant improvement in executive functions (p < 0.001; effect size d = 2.04), but no significant effect was observed in dynamic balance (p = 0.864; d = 0.13). The results support the domain-specific nature of motor-cognitive adaptations in school interventions.
Analysis of the Level of Upper Service Skills in Volleyball Games of Junior High School Extracurricular Students
This study aimed to determine the level of overhand serve ability in volleyball among students of SMP Negeri 24 Makassar. A quantitative approach with a descriptive method was employed. The sample consisted of 20 students selected through total sampling, meaning the entire population served as research subjects. The research instrument was an overhand serve skill test conducted with the involvement of an observer, supported by observation and interviews as supplementary data. The results revealed that the overhand serve ability of students at SMP Negeri 24 Makassar falls under the good classification with a percentage of 35.0%. This study concludes that the overhand serve skills of students at SMP Negeri 24 Makassar are generally considered good; however, further improvement remains necessary given that the serve is a fundamental technique that every player must master, as it directly influences the opportunity to score points in a match. Therefore, integrated training encompassing basic techniques such as passing, blocking, smashing, serving, and physical conditioning needs to be consistently maintained to support more optimal overhand serve performance.
The Influence of Traditional Games on Students' Emotional Intelligence in Physical Education Learning
This study aims to analyze the effect of the traditional game of hadang on improving students' emotional intelligence in physical education learning at SDN 21 Tangnga-Tangnga. Emotional intelligence is an important aspect in the development of elementary school-aged children that needs to be developed through various learning methods, one of which is through traditional games. This study used a quasi-experimental design method with a pretest-posttest control group design approach. The research subjects consisted of 60 students of grades IV and V who were divided into an experimental group (30 students) who received the traditional game of hadang treatment and a control group (30 students) who followed conventional learning. Data collection used a validated emotional intelligence scale with a reliability of 0.89. The results showed a significant difference between the experimental and control groups with a t-value of 8.742 > t-table 2.002 at a significance level of 0.05. The increase in emotional intelligence in the experimental group reached 32.4% covering aspects of self-awareness, emotional management, motivation, empathy, and social skills. The traditional game of hadang has been proven effect in improving students' emotional intelligence because it involves social interaction, teamwork, emotional control, and decision-making in a competitive yet enjoyable game situation.
Psychological Integration and Its Relationship with Certain Offensive Skills in Basketball Among Students
This study aims to develop a psychological integration scale for students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, assess their level of psychological integration, and determine the type of correlational relationship between psychological integration and certain offensive basketball skills. The researcher employed survey and correlational approaches within a descriptive method. The research population consisted of thirty male and female fourth-year students enrolled in the morning study program at the University of Samarra's College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences during the 2024-2025 academic year. The sample was selected randomly and comprised fifteen male and female students. The psychological integration scale was applied to the sample, along with tests measuring three offensive basketball skills: high dribbling, chest pass, and set shooting. Data were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods including arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and Pearson's simple correlation coefficient. The results revealed: (1) a high level of psychological integration among the students, and (2) a statistically significant correlational relationship between psychological integration and the performance of certain offensive basketball skills among students.
Implementation of Scouting Values in Shaping Students' Nationalism Attitudes Through Sports Activities
This study aims to analyze the implementation of scouting values integrated with sports activities in shaping students' nationalism attitudes at SMA Negeri 6 Sinjai. Sports activities such as team sports, traditional games, and physical training are increasingly recognized as a powerful medium for character education and nationalism building. This research is a descriptive qualitative study with research subjects consisting of all members of the Scout extracurricular, totaling 26 students. Data collection was conducted through observation, interviews, and documentation in October 2025. The results showed that the integration of scouting values with sports activities including discipline, cooperation, leadership, fair play, and love for the homeland plays a crucial role in shaping students' nationalism attitudes. Scout activities combined with structured sports programs carried out regularly have a positive impact on understanding and practicing national values among students. The findings indicate that scouting values are reinforced through various structured activities including routine training, camping, exploration, social service, and sport-based games. These values significantly contribute to developing students' sense of patriotism, unity, and national responsibility.
Analysis of the Level of Basic Handball Skills of FIKK UNM Students
This study aims to analyze the level of basic handball skills of students in the Physical Education, Health and Recreation Study Program (Penjaskesrek) FIKK UNM. This research is a quantitative descriptive study with a survey approach. The research population was all Penjaskesrek FIKK UNM students, with a sample of 30 students selected using purposive sampling technique. The research instrument used basic handball skill tests which included: (1) passing test, (2) catching test, (3) dribbling test, (4) shooting test, and (5) footwork test. Data analysis techniques used descriptive statistics in the form of percentages and categorization. The results showed that the level of basic handball skills of Penjaskesrek FIKK UNM students was in the category: very good 6.67% (2 students), good 23.33% (7 students), sufficient 40% (12 students), poor 20% (6 students), and very poor 10% (3 students). Overall, the level of basic handball skills of Penjaskesrek FIKK UNM students is in the sufficient category with a percentage of 40%. The analysis results per aspect show that shooting skills have the highest value (average 72.5), while footwork has the lowest value (average 58.3). The conclusion of this study is that the level of basic handball skills of Penjaskesrek FIKK UNM students still needs to be improved, especially in footwork and dribbling aspects.
Effectiveness of Modification Aids in High Jump Learning
This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of modified learning aids in improving the high jump ability using the Fosbury Flop technique among twelfth-grade students at SMA Negeri 11 Makassar. A quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental method and pretest-posttest control group design was employed. The population consisted of 120 twelfth-grade students, with a sample of 30 students selected through purposive sampling and divided into two groups 15 students in the experimental group receiving instruction with modified learning aids and 15 students in the control group receiving conventional instruction. The intervention was conducted over eight weeks with two sessions per week. The research instrument was a high jump performance test with three jump attempts, and data were analyzed using Paired Samples t-Test, Independent Samples t-Test, and N-Gain Score calculation. The results revealed that the experimental group improved by an average of 15.3 cm from 105.3 cm to 120.6 cm which was statistically significant (t = 21.161; p = 0.000), while the control group improved by only 8.7 cm from 104.8 cm to 113.5 cm (t = 14.653; p = 0.000). The between-group comparison via Independent Samples t-Test yielded t = 2.387 with a significance value of 0.024 (p < 0.05), confirming a significant difference between the two groups. N-Gain Score calculations indicated that the experimental group achieved a score of 0.68 (moderate category) while the control group obtained only 0.19 (low category). This study concludes that the use of modified learning aids is significantly more effective in improving students' high jump performance than conventional instruction, and successfully brought the average student achievement above the minimum competency standard set by the curriculum. These findings recommend that physical education teachers adopt modification-based learning approaches as a primary strategy in athletics instruction, particularly in schools with limited standard sports facilities.
Mechanism for Investing in Sponsorship Rights for Youth Football Players in Professional Clubs
The research aims to develop mechanisms for investing in the sponsorship rights of young football players for professional clubs in Iraq by identifying (the importance of nurturing and developing talented people in football, applying scientific innovations in developing and nurturing talent to create young professional players in football in a professional manner and culture, motivating investors to establish investment companies in the field Sponsoring and nurturing football players in sports bodies and academies, commercial and media rights in nurturing and nurturing talent in football, the role of the state in providing development and investment projects, and ways and means of expanding the base for discovering and selecting talent in football. The researcher used the descriptive approach, and the research sample included a sample of (103) members of the boards of directors of some clubs, some employees of the Ministry of Youth and Sports, and a group of investors and businessmen interested in the sports field. One of the most important results was increasing the technical level of the national teams and helping to develop the clubs, providing external professional training for outstanding talents upon reaching the permissible age. To transfer abroad, 18 years through a marketing network to be supportive of the Iraqi teams
The Reality of Organizational Development in the Student Activities Department at the University of Babylon from the Perspective of the Employees
This research aims to develop the work of the Student Activities Department at the University of Babylon by identifying the current state of the department and assessing the adequacy of its material and human resources to achieve its objectives. The researchers defined their research population through a comprehensive survey of all employees involved in sports and university activities across all 20 colleges of the University of Babylon, totaling 126 employees. The researchers applied and processed the research data using the SPSS statistical software. The most important findings indicated that intensive training courses and the updating of work methods directly contribute to raising employee efficiency. Furthermore, the researchers found that employees possess a suitable academic background, particularly graduates of physical education and sports, which helps and enhances the department's ability to achieve its goals. The research also revealed that a culture of change among employees is a necessary and fundamental condition for the success of the development program. The researchers recommended establishing continuous training programs based on the latest advanced administrative methods and implementing a system of financial and in-kind incentives for employees based on performance evaluations and efficiency. The function of employees is to implement awareness campaigns and programs in order to work on changing behavior in order to eliminate resistance to change and promote the institutional values of employees.
Applications of Knowledge Processes Among Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences Professors at Kirkuk University
The current research aims to evaluate application of knowledge processes among faculty members at Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Kirkuk, and to identify differences in mean among research sample and the hypothetical mean for scale's axes, as well as to determine the ordinal ranking of the research axes. The researchers hypothesize that faculty members at Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Kirkuk, possess a good level of effectiveness in applying knowledge processes, that there are statistically significant differences between mean of research sample and hypothetical mean for scale's axes, and that there is a variation in ordinal ranking of research axes. The researchers used descriptive method as it is suitable for nature of research. The research sample consisted of (16) faculty members, and data were statistically analyzed using unclear possibly statistics. The hypothetical mean, standard deviation, one-sample t-test, percentile weight, and percentage were used. The researchers concluded that research sample achieved a high level in assessments of knowledge acquisition and generation processes across four research axes: knowledge acquisition and generation, knowledge storage, knowledge distribution, and knowledge application. All items on scale achieved required scores. Knowledge management processes demonstrated positive levels exceeding theoretical hypothetical mean for statements. The means for all axes of knowledge management processes scale exceeded hypothetical means for those axes. Significant differences were found among means for all four axes of Knowledge, Management, Processes scale and hypothetical means for those axes, favoring research sample. The knowledge acquisition and distribution axis ranked first, Knowledge distribution axis second, Knowledge Storage axis third, fourth focus is on knowledge application.
Mental visualization and its Relationship to Skills of Passing and Scoring From a Jump in Basketball for Female Students
The research aimed to identify level of mental imagery among second-year female students at faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Kirkuk, and to determine accuracy of their basketball passing and jump scoring skills. It also sought to identify correlation between mental imagery and these basket ball passing and scoring skills among research sample. The researcher used a descriptive approach with correlational analysis, as it was suitable for nature of research. The research population was selected purposively from second-year female students at faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Kirkuk, during 2024-2025 academic year, divided into one section, totaling (60) students. The research sample was randomly selected from (26) students, resulting in a final sample size of (26) students, representing (43.33%) of original population. The results showed a statistically significant positive correlation between level of mental imagery and accuracy of students' performance in basketball passing and jump scoring skills. Mental imagery contributes to improving students' ability to execute these skills accurately. The highest, indicating effectiveness of this strategy in developing skill performance, it is recommended to incorporate regular mental visualization sessions into basketball training programs with aim of enhancing skill performance, especially in skills of handling and jump scoring , and to organize specialized training workshops for coaches to teach mental visualization strategies and how to apply them effectively with players, and to urge students to practice mental visualization daily before or after training, with a focus on accurately imagining movements and skills.
Pengaruh Keseimbangan Terhadap Kelincahan Dalam Permainan Sepakbola Pada Pemain SSB Bajeng United Gowa
This study aims to determine the effect of balance on agility in soccer among SSB Bajeng United Gowa players. The research method used is a quantitative method with a correlational approach. The population in this study includes all 20 players of SSB Bajeng United Gowa. The sampling technique used total sampling so that the entire population was used as samples. The research was conducted at ROMANG Rappoa field, Bajeng District, Gowa Regency in January 2025. The instrument used to measure balance was the Stork Stand Test, while agility was measured using the Illinois Agility Test. Data analysis used normality test, linearity test, and simple linear regression test. The results showed that there is a significant influence of balance on the agility of SSB Bajeng United Gowa soccer players with a correlation value of r = 0.735 and a coefficient of determination R² = 0.540, which means that balance contributes 54% to agility. Based on the results of this study, it is recommended for coaches to provide special training that can improve players' balance in order to enhance their agility in playing soccer.
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