Jurnal Pendidikan Kepelatihan Olahraga: PEJUANG
This journal presents a variety of current research and articles on developments in sports, covering physical, mental, and social aspects. With a focus on improving athletic performance, public health, and innovation in training techniques, this journal aims to provide in-depth insights for researchers, coaches, and sports enthusiasts. Each issue features relevant study findings, analyses of the latest trends, and discussions on sports policies that impact society.
Program Studi Pendidikan Kepelatihan Olahraga
The Effectiveness of Cooperative Learning Compared to Traditional Methods in the Acquisition of Floor Gymnastics Skills Among Second Year Students Al-Nusoor University Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences
The purpose of the study was to determine the influence of cooperative learning methods and traditional methods on the mastery of floor gymnastics skills (front bolster, back bolster, handstand, headstand) in second-year students, and to compare the effectiveness of the two methods. Experimental research with a two-group design (experiment and control) using pre-test and post-test. The sample totaled 40 students, divided into experimental (n=20, cooperative method) and control (n=20, traditional method) groups, for 8 weeks (16 sessions). Data were analyzed by paired t-tests and independent t-tests via SPSS. The results of the study The experimental group showed a significant improvement in all four skills (front bolster: 2.40 to 4.15, t=8.32; rear bolster: 2.25 to 3.95, t=7.84; handstand: 1.90 to 3.60, t=7.10; headstand: 1.85 to 3.70, t=7.45). The control group also increased significantly but was lower (front roll: 2.35 to 3.45, t=5.17; rear roll: 2.20 to 3.30, t=4.93; handstand: 1.88 to 2.80, t=4.45; headstand: 1.80 to 2.85, t=4.62). At the post-test, the experimental group had a significant advantage over the controls on all skills (t ranged from 4.22–4.89; p<0.05). In conclusion, cooperative learning methods are more effective than traditional methods in improving the mastery of floor gymnastics skills of second-level students, so it is recommended as a methodological alternative to teaching.
Copyright (c) 2026 Noor Sabah Farhan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Anthropometric and Physical Determinants as Predictors of Playing Position in Youth Football Players
This study aims to investigate the relationship between anthropometric and physical characteristics and the possibility of using them as a tool to predict suitable playing positions for youth soccer players. The study used a predictive correlation design involving aging young football players. Anthropometric variables (height, body mass, body mass index, and body fat percentage) and physical performance variables (speed, agility, muscle strength, and endurance) were collected to predict the most suitable playing position. This study relies on the analysis of characteristics such as height, weight, body fat percentage, muscle strength, speed, and endurance, and the extent to which they relate to the requirements of different playing positions on the field. The results show a clear relationship between certain physical characteristics and playing positions. Goalkeepers and defenders require different anthropometric characteristics compared to midfielders and forwards. The results of the study show that most of the players are in the medium category based on the empirical norms developed. Correlation analysis showed a very strong positive relationship between height and body weight (r = 0.984), BMI (r = 0.932), and body fat percentage (r = 0.961). In contrast, height was negatively correlated with sprint ability (r = −0.407) and agility (r = −0.964), indicating a tendency that increased body size was followed by a decrease in acceleration ability and a change of direction. The resulting empirical norms are able to group the physical characteristics of players into five performance categories so as to provide an objective reference in the placement of player positions. The conclusion states that anthropometric characteristics and physical conditions provide meaningful information in the preparation of the position of young football players.
Anthropometric and Physical Determinants
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammed Farhan Khalbas (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Relationship Between Selected Sensorimotor Abilities and Shooting Accuracy Among Soccer Players
In this research, it was intended to find out the relationships between selected sensorimotor abilities and shooting accuracy of soccer players. The use of descriptive correlational design was appropriate for this study as a result of it being related to the study's nature and purpose. The study's population was composed of 24 soccer players who belonged to the Al-Shirqat Sports Club team. A purposive sampling technique was applied to select a sample size of 10 players, which constituted 41.66% of the population. The objectives of the study were accomplished by conducting several sensorimotor abilities' tests; namely, foot lateral-distance perception, sensorimotor perception of the foot in the vertical plane, ball-throw perception, and shooting accuracy test. Statistical analysis was done using arithmetic mean, standard deviation, Pearson's simple correlation coefficient, and percentage. The mean score for shooting accuracy was 6.9 (SD = 2.46), while the foot lateral-distance perception, vertical foot position sense, and ball-throw perception tests yielded mean scores of 10.0 cm (SD = 3.60), 13.7 cm (SD = 4.22), and 9.3 cm (SD = 2.46), respectively. Significant correlations were found between shooting accuracy and selected sensorimotor abilities. This means that there is a contribution of selected sensorimotor abilities in improving shooting accuracy of soccer players. According to these findings, the researcher suggests incorporating sensorimotor ability training practices within the training programs of soccer players along with conducting regular testing.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mahmood Munshid Murshed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Psychological Stress and Its Relationship with Job Satisfaction among Physical Education Teachers in the Cities of Samarra and Tikrit
In this study, an effort has been made to investigate the relationship between psychological stress and job satisfaction among physical education teachers in the cities of Samarra and Tikrit. Moreover, an attempt was made to measure the psychological stress level of the physical education teachers. A descriptive research design was used in which survey and correlation research methods were used because of their relevance to the research objectives. Physical education teachers working in the intermediate, secondary, and preparatory schools of Samarra and Tikrit were identified as the research population while a sample of 11 teachers was chosen randomly from them. The data collection tools included psychological stress and job satisfaction scales. Arithmetic means, standard deviation, and Pearson correlation were computed using statistical calculations. From these calculations, it could be concluded that there is no significant relationship between psychological stress and job satisfaction among the studied subjects. Moreover, it can be observed that different amounts of psychological stress exist among physical education teachers. On the basis of the obtained results, it can be concluded that the improvement in the working environment of the physical education teachers should be given consideration.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammed Rashid Mohammed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Effect of a Muscular Endurance Training Programme on Delaying the Onset of Muscle Fatigue and Prolonging Effective Performance Time in Long Bouts Among Fencers at the Telecommunications Club
Fencing is a combat sport that requires a delicate balance between technical skills and physical abilities, as prolonged bouts place significant demands on the musculoskeletal system, leading to premature fatigue and a decline in performance quality. The significance of this research lies in bridging the gap between the demands of actual competition and the level of muscular endurance among players at Al-Ittisalat Club, through the development of a specialised training programme aimed at enhancing muscular endurance to delay the onset of fatigue and prolong effective performance time. The study hypothesised that there would be statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests of the experimental group in terms of fatigue onset and performance time, and between the two groups in favour of the experimental group. The study results showed a significant and substantial improvement in the experimental group (37.7–47.9%) compared to a slight, non-significant improvement in the control group, with highly significant post-test differences, confirming the programme’s effectiveness in enhancing endurance and competitive performance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Humam Sady Ibrahim (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Relationship Between Sleep Quality Heart Rate Variability (HRV) and Functional Recovery in Players at the Samarra Basketball Club
The present study aims to investigate the relationship between sleep quality, heart rate variability (HRV) and functional recovery among players of the Samarra Basketball Club. The researcher employed a descriptive approach using correlational methods, as this was deemed appropriate for the nature of the research problem and its objectives. The study population comprised the players of the Samarra Basketball Club for the 2025–2026 season, totalling 14 players representing the club’s advanced team, All were selected as the research sample using a comprehensive enumeration method, representing 100% of the original population. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to measure the players’ sleep quality, alongside heart rate variability (HRV) measurements using the RMSSD and SDNN indices, In addition, the Functional Recovery Scale (TQR) was used to determine the players’ level of recovery following training loads. The researcher also utilised a number of tools and devices, including a heart rate monitor, HRV measurement applications, data recording forms, and SPSS for data processing and statistical analysis. The main conclusions were that sleep quality and HRV are important indicators in assessing the functional and recovery status of basketball players, and that improving sleep quality and increasing HRV values contribute to improved recovery processes and physical readiness, as well as reducing instances of fatigue and sports-related stress.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ayad Ghani Jasim (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Impact of an Educational Programme Based on the IDEAL Model on Reducing Cognitive Failure and the Acquisition of Certain Basic Basketball Skills
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of an educational programme based on the IDEAL model on reducing cognitive failure and the acquisition of certain basic basketball skills among students. The researcher adopted an experimental approach due to its suitability for the nature of the research problem, using a two-group design with pre- and post-tests. The research population comprised first-year students at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Samarra University, for the academic year (2025–2026). The research sample comprised 40 students, who were randomly divided into two equivalent groups: 20 students in the experimental group, who underwent an educational programme based on the IDEAL model, and 20 students in the control group, who followed the curriculum taught by the subject teacher. The researcher employed the Cognitive Failure Scale, as well as a number of basketball skill tests, namely: chest dribbling, dribbling between cones, lay-ups and free throws, to measure the level of mastery of basic skills among the sample participants. The researcher concluded that the educational programme based on the IDEAL model contributed positively to reducing cognitive failure and improving the learning of certain basic basketball skills, and recommended the adoption of modern educational models based on thinking and problem-solving in physical education lessons, given their active role in developing students’ cognitive and skill-based abilities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ayad Ghani Jasim (Author)
Some Biomechanical Determinants and Their Relationship to High Jumps Scoring Accuracy in Handball Players
This study aimed to identify some of biomechanical determinants affecting accuracy of scoring from a high jump according to biomechanical variables in handball, as well as to verify value of correlation coefficient of these variables related to accuracy of scoring from a high jump in handball. Neglecting role of many biomechanical determinants and sometimes not referring to them, even though these determinants may have an effect, even if indirect, on direct variables affecting projectile. Research problem lies in knowing some of indirect variables and their effect on direct variables and knowing priority in affecting scoring from a high jump, and this is a service to training process and thus achieving goals of scientific research. The researcher used descriptive method. Sample consisted of six players from Samarra University handball team, with a total of 72 observations. Sample was selected purposively based on their playing positions to achieve study's objectives, as jump shot is a specialized skill. SPSS statistical package was used to analyze data, employing means, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results showed significant correlations between studied variables and scoring accuracy. The researcher recommends designing training programs based on kinematic analysis to develop jump shot skill, and emphasizing these variables in training process.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammad Majead Mohammed Saleh (Author)
Validity and Reliability of A Battery of Combined Tests for Assessing Perceptual-Motor Decision-Making Speed in Football
The ability to process visual stimuli and make precise motor decisions within a few milliseconds is an essential component of high-level performance in football. Despite considerable theoretical interest, there is no psychometrically validated test battery available to comprehensively assess perceptual-motor decision-making speed (PMDS) in top Iraqi footballers. Objective: The aim of this study was to develop a test battery comprising five PMDS tests and to determine its content validity, construct validity, criterion-related validity and test-retest reliability among footballers in the Iraqi Premier League. A three-phase sequential mixed-methods design was employed. In Phase 1, content validity was determined by a panel of experts (n = 12) using Lawshe’s content validity ratio (CVR). During phase 2, test-retest reliability was assessed in 30 players during two sessions 72 hours apart using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC₂,₁), standard error of measurement (SEM) and the minimum detectable change (MDC₉₅). During phase 3, conceptual validity (known groups: elite versus sub-elite, n = 75) and criterion-related validity were assessed using a game performance index (n = 75). The test battery comprised five sequential tests: simple reaction time, choice reaction time, anticipation time, decision-making under dual-task conditions, and a game-based decision-making task. Results, all twelve items assessing content validity exceeded the minimum CVR threshold of 0.83 (range: 0.85–0.96). The ICC values ranged from 0.89 to 0.94, indicating excellent test-retest reliability. The SEM values ranged from 12.4 to 21.3 ms. Elite players achieved significantly faster PMDS scores than non-elite players in all five tests (p < 0.001, d = 0.84–1.12). The total score of the test battery was significantly correlated with the match performance index (r = −0.68, p < 0.001). Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed a unidimensional structure (CFI = 0.96, RMSEA = 0.048). Conclusions, The complete PMDS battery exhibits robust psychometric properties and is suitable for talent identification, performance monitoring and applied research among Iraqi Premier League footballers as well as comparable elite populations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ammar Faris Atiyah (Author)
The Effects of Advanced Plyometric Training Using WIMU-Pro Technology on Speed and Angular Acceleration and its Influence on Heart Rate Under varying Atmospheric Pressure and Magnetic Field Conditions in Young Fencers
Sports is a field where training methods and techniques to improve physical performance such as fencing. This study presents a training program that can be implemented in sports clubs, specifically Baghdad Fencing Club. The study highlights the influence of environmental factors such as air pressure and magnetic fields on sports performance, which can help design training programs that take these variables into account. It emphasizes the importance of using modern technologies such as WIMU Pro in sports performance analysis. Despite significant advances in sports training methods, there is a lack of research focusing on the effects of advanced plyometric training on young fencing athletes, especially in relation to the use of modern technologies such as WIMU Pro. In addition, the influence of environmental factors such as air pressure and magnetic fields on physiological and motor performance has not been adequately discussed in scientific studies. It is evident that young fencing athletes struggle to achieve optimal performance due to the lack of training programs that integrate modern technology while taking into account environmental variables. Therefore, this study aims to address this gap by investigating the effects of advanced plyometric training using WIMU Pro technology on speed, acceleration, angle, heart rate and e in young fencing athletes. The purpose of this study is to develop a training program that utilizes advanced plyometric exercises using WIMU Pro technology; to determine the effects of advanced plyometric exercises on speed and acceleration in young fencing athletes at the Baghdad Fencing Club; to measure the effect of this exercise on the accuracy of the angle of movement during execution; to investigate the effects of training programs on heart rate under various conditions of air pressure and magnetic fields, and to provide practical recommendations for the development of training programs for young fencing athletes based on research findings. The study adopted an experimental design with both experimental and control groups, involving a sample of 24 fencing athletes. The results showed statistically significant increases in speed (8.16%), acceleration (16.13%), angle of motion (4.38%) and heart rate (6.67%) for the experimental group compared to the control group. The results also showed a slight effect of air pressure on heart rate, while magnetic fields had no obvious effect.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hamam Saadi Ibrahim (Author)
A Study of The Relationship Between Weakness in The Trunk Stabilising Muscles and Back Injuries Lumbar Injuries Among Boxers in Baghdad Clubs
The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between trunk muscle strength and lower back pain among boxers in Baghdad clubs, by measuring trunk muscle strength, assessing the level of lower back pain in the study sample, and identifying the nature of the correlation between the two variables. The researcher employed a descriptive approach using correlational methods, as this was appropriate to the nature and objectives of the study. The study population consisted of boxers officially registered with clubs in Baghdad and affiliated with the Iraqi Boxing Federation. The research sample was selected using a purposive sampling method and comprised eight boxers aged between 18 and 35 with at least two years’ training experience. The researcher used a series of physical tests to measure trunk muscle efficiency, namely: the forward trunk stability test, the lateral trunk stability test and the Bering-Sørensen test, as well as the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and a specific questionnaire to record low back pain. After collecting and statistically analysing the data using the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, percentage and Pearson’s correlation coefficient, the results showed that 87.5% of the sample had reduced trunk muscle efficiency compared to the levels recommended for athletes. It was also observed that 87.5% of the boxers suffered from lower back pain to varying degrees. The results demonstrated a strong, statistically significant inverse correlation between trunk muscle efficiency and lower back pain, with correlation coefficients ranging from (-0.74) to (-0.85); the Bearing-Sørensen test was the one most strongly associated with lower back pain. The researcher concluded that reduced trunk muscle function is associated with higher levels of lower back pain in boxers, and that weakness in the erector spinae and lateral trunk muscles may be an important factor associated with the onset of this pain. The researcher recommends the inclusion of core muscle strengthening and stability exercises in boxers’ training programmes, the adoption of core muscle function tests as a means of periodic assessment, as well as the provision of medical supervision and rehabilitation in boxing clubs to reduce lower back pain and improve sporting performance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abbas Ali Mohammed (Author)
An Assessment of the Behavioural Performance of Youth Football Coaches at Academies in the City of Samarra
The present study aimed to identify the reality of coaching behaviours among youth football academy coaches in the city of Samarra using the Coaching Behaviour Analysis System (CBAS) developed by Smith et al (1977), as one of the standardised scientific systems for analysing coaching behaviour within sporting environments. The researcher adopted a descriptive approach using structured observation. The research sample consisted of eight coaches working at private football academies in the city of Samarra. Two training sessions were filmed for each coach, totalling 16 training sessions, with each session lasting 40 minutes. The study used three high-resolution digital cameras to document the training sessions, after which the coaching behaviours were analysed according to the behavioural categories adopted in the CBAS system. A 5-second time interval was adopted during the behavioural coding process, after which the data was organised and analysed using frequencies, percentages and Z-scores to identify the polarity and trends of the behaviours. The results also showed that the general technical instructions category recorded the highest frequency of occurrence among training behaviours, followed by the organisation and management category, indicating that trainers focused heavily on technical and organisational aspects during the training sessions. The results also showed a relative increase in positive reinforcement and general encouragement behaviours, compared to a clear decrease in punitive and negative behaviours such as punishment, punitive instructions and ignoring mistakes. The study concluded that the training environment within football academies in the city of Samarra tends towards the use of supportive and positive coaching behaviours rather than negative and punitive ones. The study recommended the need to employ standardised behavioural observation systems in the assessment of coaching performance, as well as the development of training programmes for age-group coaches, thereby contributing to improving the quality of coaching interaction within sports academies.
coaching behaviours, CBAS system, football academies, age-group coaches, behavioural observation, football, coaching environment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mustafa Ahmed Abdul-Majid Al-Samarrai (Author)
Organizational Climate in Sports Institutions and its Relationship to Administrative Level Cooperation Among Administrative Staff
This study aims to identify organizational climate level and administrative cooperation level among administrative staff working in sports institutions in Maysan Governorate, as well as to reveal nature of correlation between both concept. researcher adopted a descriptive approach with a correlational method, as it was suitable for study outcome and problem. Community consisted of administrative staff working in sports institutions, while sample comprised 120 individuals selected randomly. To collect data, researcher used two scales: Organizational Climate Scale developed by Al-Bakri and Hazem (2016), and Administrative Cooperation Scale developed based on relevant administrative literature. Both scales were based on a five-point Likert scale. Results showed that administrative staff have a good level of organizational climate and a high level of administrative cooperation, they also showed a strong, statistically significant positive correlation between organizational climate and administrative cooperation. Concluded that improving organizational climate directly contributes to enhancing administrative cooperation among staff, which positively impacts institutional performance. Recommended that focusing on developing work environment within sports organizations, promoting effective leadership styles, and fostering a spirit of teamwork among employees.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mahdi Sayed Attia (Author)
Three-Dimensional Biomechanical Analysis of Movement Patterns Associated with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in Football Players
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are common and serious musculoskeletal injuries in football, due to their negative impact on players’ health, the continuity of their sporting careers, and individual and team performance levels. Three-dimensional biomechanical analysis is an objective and accurate tool for identifying movement patterns associated with an increased risk of injury, particularly those that are difficult to observe or assess effectively using traditional two-dimensional analysis methods. The study aimed to determine the three-dimensional kinematic and kinetic characteristics of the lower limbs during the performance of high-risk movement tasks similar to those required in football among players from three clubs in the Iraqi Premier League, as well as to compare biomechanical risk indicators between the clubs and to reveal the relationship between specific movement patterns and the composite risk of anterior cruciate ligament injury. A descriptive, cross-sectional study design was employed. The study sample comprised sixty male football players, with twenty players from each of the Al-Samarra, Al-Alam and Al-Dour clubs. Data were collected using the VICON Nexus 3D motion capture system, comprising 12 cameras at 200 Hz, two Kistler force plates at 1000 Hz, and the Noraxon Ultium system for measuring electromyography (EMG) at 2000 Hz. The players performed three standardised movement tasks: a 45-degree cut on one leg, a two-foot landing after a jump, and a 180-degree turn. The main variables included the maximum internal knee varus angle, peak ground reaction force, lower limb joint flexion angles at the moment of first contact, and the joint muscle contraction index. The results showed statistically significant differences between the clubs in knee varus angle, with an F-value of F(2,57) = 8.34, a significance level of p = 001., and an effect size of η² = .226, as well as in peak ground reaction force (F(2,57) = 6.21, p = 00.3, η² = 179.) and in knee flexion angle (F(2,57) = 7.85, p = 00.1, η² = 216.). The knee varus angle also showed the strongest correlation with the composite risk score for anterior cruciate ligament injury, with a correlation coefficient of r = 82. at a significance level of p < .001. Group analysis revealed two distinct risk profiles: the first was a high-risk biomechanical profile, characterised by a marked increase in knee varus and a reduced knee flexion angle; the second was a low-risk profile, characterised by a better degree of protective co-contraction. IIraqi footballers in the clubs included in the study exhibited biomechanical patterns associated with an increased risk of anterior cruciate ligament injury whilst performing football-specific motor tasks. Differences between clubs suggest that risk indicators may be influenced by multiple factors, including the nature of training programmes, pitch surface characteristics, and the level of strength training and neuromuscular control. The study’s findings underscore the importance of implementing targeted preventive programmes to reduce ACL injuries in Iraqi football clubs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muthanna Harith Ekrayyem, Maysaa Khalid Ahmed (Author)
Development of Handball Athletes' Potential: Coaches' Strategies in Training Beginner Handball Athletes
This study aims to examine coaches’ strategies in developing the potential of beginner handball athletes comprehensively, covering technical, tactical, physical, and psychological aspects. Early-age athlete development is an essential foundation in building a competitive handball sports ecosystem at both national and international levels. The research employed a descriptive qualitative method with a case study approach conducted at beginner handball clubs in South Sulawesi Province. Data were collected through participatory observation, in-depth interviews with certified coaches and athletes, and analysis of training program documents. The findings indicate that effective coaching strategies include the design of structured and progressive training programs, the application of individualized approaches based on athletes’ ability profiles, the development of character and competitive mentality, and the implementation of regular performance monitoring. Athlete-centered coaching has been proven to significantly enhance the intrinsic motivation and technical abilities of beginner athletes. The conclusion of this study emphasizes that the success of beginner handball athlete development is highly determined by the quality of coaching strategies that are adaptive, communicative, and grounded in scientific evidence
Handball, Beginner Athletes, Coaching Strategies, Sports Development, Potential Development
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Fadli (Author)
The Impact of Functional Strength Training on Balance Agility and Injury Prevention in Young Athletes
The purpose of this research was to determine how functional strength (FST) training over 12 weeks influenced injured young competitive athletes’ dynamic balance, agility, and incidence of injury. The project used 40 young competitive athletes (mean age = 15.3±1.2 years) as participants and was designed as a randomized controlled trial with 20 in the experimental FST group and 20 in the active control (AC) group. Balance was measured by the Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT) composite score; agility was measured with the Illinois Agility Test (IAT) time; and the number of injuries suffered per 1000 athlete exposures (AE) was used to determine how each group differed regarding incidence of injury. Other measures included the 1-repetition maximum (1-RM) back squat for lower-body strength, joint position sense (JPS) for proprioceptive acuity, and the composite score of the Functional Movement Screen test (FMS) for quality of movement. Compared to Control an FST condition had much larger impact on SEBT composite scores (Delta 13.4% vs 4.4%: p<.001; d=2.04) and IAT (Delta 11.3% vs 4.7%: p<.001; d=1.58) as well as Injuries (Delta -60.4% vs -23.4%: p<.001; d=1.87). With all between-group effect sizes being considered large, the data strongly supports the use of FST in early phases of injury prevention and performance enhancement for youth athletes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alaa Hashim Ahmed (Author)
The Effect of the KWL Strategy on the Acquisition of Some Basic Basketball Skills by Students
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the K.W.L. strategy on cognitive achievement and the learning of some basic basketball skills among secondary school students. The researcher employed an experimental approach using a two-group design (experimental and control groups) with pre- and post-tests. The research population consisted of 120 fourth-year secondary school students at the University Co-educational Secondary School for the academic year 2025–2026. A sample of 40 students was selected at random and divided into two groups of 20 students each. The experimental group adopted the K.W.L. strategy, whilst the control group used the traditional method. The skills tests included: the chest compression test, the defibrillation test, and the first-aid assessment test, with the validity, reliability and objectivity of the tests verified. The main experiment lasted for eight weeks, with one teaching unit per week, incorporating the stages of the (What do I know? What do I want to know? What have I learnt?) within the main section of the lesson. The results showed statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests in favour of the post-tests in both groups; however, the improvement was greater in the experimental group. The results also showed that the experimental group outperformed the control group in all the skills under investigation, confirming the effectiveness of the K.W.L. strategy in improving skill learning and cognitive achievement in basketball. The researcher attributes this to the strategy’s role in activating prior knowledge, increasing mental engagement, and enhancing motivation and feedback during learning. The study recommended the need to employ active learning strategies, particularly the K.W.L. strategy, in physical education teaching and to apply them to different sports and educational stages.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmed Rahim Latif (Author)
Effects of Resistance Training Periodization on Power Output and Sprint Performance in Track Athletes
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of resistance training periodization on power output and sprint performance in a cohort of track athletes. The researchers employed an experimental design—repeated measures. There were twenty male (100 m, 200 m, and 400 m) track athletes that took part in the study. The participants completed an 8-week periodized program utilising resistance training consisting of three sessions per week progressing from maximal strength development to strength–power conversion. Performance variables included countermovement jump (CMJ), peak power, 10 m and 30 m sprint time, and force–velocity profile indicators (F0, V0, and Pmax). Pre- and post-tests were conducted under controlled conditions. For statistical analyses, paired-samples t-tests were performed, and significance was set at p ≤ 0.05; effect sizes (Cohen’s d) were also calculated. Consequently, the authors found that all variables improved, with CMJ height and CMJ peak power increasing 11.76% and 10.29%, respectively, highlighting an improvement in lower-limb explosive power. Sprint performance was significantly improved (4.40% and 3.74% reductions in 10 m and 30 m sprint times, respectively). There were positive adaptations according to the force–velocity profile variables, with F0 (+7.48%), V0 (+3.91%), and Pmax (+9.75%) values all increasing. The authors reported that the effect sizes were mostly large. In conclusion, our findings indicated that periodized resistance training increased both power output and 10m sprint times in track athletes. Progressively transitioning from maximal strength to explosive power appears to be an effective approach to enhance neuromuscular adaptations and sprint-specific performance in this population. As such, periodized resistance training should be integrated within sprint training programs to optimize athletic performance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Idrees Saad Mahmood (Author)
A Comparative Study of Some Biomechanical Variables According to Physical Biorhythm Curve Among Young High Jumpers
This study aimed to identify some biomechanical variables in high jump performance of young athletes according to positive and negative biorhythm curve. It also aimed to identify differences in some biomechanical variables during positive and negative biorhythm cycles. The researcher hypothesized existence of statistically significant differences in some biomechanical variables during high jump performance of young athletes, favoring positive biorhythm cycle. The researcher used descriptive method, as it was suitable for study outcome. Four high jumpers from specialized schools participating in Southern Region Championship were selected to perform youth high jump. These athletes had achieved top rankings after homogenization of some variables. Athletes were photographed according to their positive and negative biorhythm cycles, calculated for each athlete based on their birth date and date of test. The researcher used appropriate statistical methods for outcome of study, including mean, standard deviation, t -test for paired samples, and simple correlation coefficient, to extract differences among values of biomechanical variables according to biomechanical rhythm curve. The most important conclusions of research revealed statistically significant differences in some biomechanical variables between positive and negative phases of physical cycle, favoring positive phase. No significant differences were found in angle of support and time of stand-up between positive and negative phases of physical cycle. Statistically significant differences were found in following kinematic variables stand-up knee angle, stand-up angle, and vertical speed, favoring positive phase of biomechanical rhythm cycle. The most important recommendations adoption of a systematic scientific record for recording data for each player, along with periodic monitoring of phases of biomechanical rhythm and identifying rise and fall of cycle. This will enable coaches to diagnose fluctuations in physical abilities according to cycle variables. It is necessary for trainers to pay attention to physical biorhythm cycle when preparing and implementing training programs by taking into account positive and negative phases, which contributes to regulating training loads to improve level of performance and achievement.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mudhafar Oraibi Baieji (Author)
The Effect of Harmonic Ability Exercises on 110m Hurdles Performance Among Physical Education and Sport Science Students
This study aims to determine the most important harmonic capabilities in the effectiveness of the 110m hurdles event and to investigate whether these capabilities are positively influenced by a structured program of harmonic ability exercises among Physical Education and Sport Science students. An experimental design with control and experimental groups was employed. Ten students from the College of Physical Education and Health Sciences (Al-Mustaqbal University) were randomly selected and equally divided into two groups of five each. A four-week harmonic ability exercise program was implemented with the experimental group, comprising two sessions per week. Pre-tests and post-tests of 110m hurdles performance were conducted, and data were analyzed using arithmetic mean, standard deviation, Pearson correlation, skewness coefficient, and paired samples t-test. Statistically significant differences were found between the pre-test and post-test results of the experimental group in 110m hurdles performance (p < 0.05), while the control group showed no significant improvement. The experimental group demonstrated meaningful advancement in achievement levels compared to the control group. Purposefully designed harmonic ability exercises significantly accelerate the development of coordination and performance in the 110m hurdles among Physical Education and Sport Science students. These exercises are recommended for integration into teaching and training curricula.
Copyright (c) 2026 Iftekar Matar Baqir, Zana Hashim Ismael, Mohammed Layth Mohammed (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Biokinetic Analysis of Arm Movement During the Shot Put and its Relationship to Throwing Distance Among Students
This research aims to study the biomechanics of the shot put event and analyse the biomechanical variables influencing it, thereby providing coaches and athletes with an accurate scientific tool for performance evaluation and the identification of strengths and weaknesses. The shot put is an event that requires a high level of skill and physical fitness, particularly with the recent advancements in the use of modern imaging and analysis equipment. The research problem stems from the practical observation conducted by the researcher on students at the Faculty of Physical Education, which revealed a notable disparity in numerical results (distance achieved) in the shot put event, despite the relative similarity in the students’ physical composition. Hence, the research objectives were to identify certain biomechanical changes associated with shot put performance, and the researcher hypothesised the existence of a statistically significant relationship between performance level and the biomechanical variables studied. The research methodology and field procedures were then addressed, with the researcher adopting a descriptive approach using correlational methods due to its suitability for the nature of the problem; the research sample comprised 12 fourth-year students. The results were then presented and discussed, leading to a set of conclusions and recommendations. The results showed a statistically significant correlation between the take-off angle, take-off speed, take-off height, and the level of performance in the shot put. Consequently, the researcher recommended that further similar studies be conducted on other track and field events, emphasising the importance of taking these variables into account during training and instruction
Copyright (c) 2026 Muthanna Harith Ekrayyem (Author)
Legal Knowledge and its Relation to some Offensive Skills Ending with Shooting from Jumps and Lay-up Performance Among Secondary School Basketball Team Players
Legal knowledge is a crucial aspect of sports, particularly basketball, as it guides and organizes skillful performance within correct framework of rules. A player's familiarity with rules of game helps avoid mistakes and improve performance quality, especially in offensive skills that require precision and speed of execution. This study aimed to identify relations between legal knowledge and performance of some offensive skills ending with shooting jumping shoot and lay-up shoot among secondary school basketball team players. The researchers used descriptive approach with correlational relationships, as it was suitable for nature of problem. Sample was selected purposively from players of teams that qualified for semi-finals of school championship, totaling 40 players. A legal knowledge scale consisting of 75 items was applied, in addition to conducting skill performance tests for skills under investigation. Data were statistically analyzed using simple correlation coefficient (Pearson). Results showed a significant positive correlation between legal knowledge and performance of offensive skills ending with shooting, indicating that a higher level of legal knowledge among players contributes to improving their skill performance. the researchers concluded that legal knowledge represents an important factor in developing skill performance in basketball, as it plays a role in guiding performance and reducing errors, recommended necessity of paying attention to this aspect within educational and training programs and conducting similar studies on different groups.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zaid Abdulzahra Hamidi, Luay Jaleel Manshad (Author)
The Effect of Rapid Learning Strategy on Creative Thinking and Performance of Reception and Blocking Skills in Volleyball
This study Purpose to develop and implement educational exercises Based on a rapid learning strategy to increase volleyball reception and between blocking skills middle school students, During the exam its impact but creative thinking. The researcher hypothesized that both experimental and control groups would be shown. Significant improvements from pre- test to post- test, and that the experimental group will perform significantly better. The control group in the test steps after both creative thinking and volleyball skill performance. A quasi- experimental design was used with 60 fifth- grade female students is randomly selected from Al- Mutamayyat Girls’ Secondary School (under the Second Karkh Education Directorate, Baghdad) below 2023– 2024 educational year. Validated instruments were administered for testing. Creative thinking and receiving/ blocking performance. The experimental group complete eight instructional units (one 45- minute session per week over eight weeks), with 30 minutes of each session Dedicated to the rapid learning exercises. Continue with the control group the standard physical education curriculum, While the intervention happened between April 3 and April 26, 2024. All data was treated using SPSS. The analysis This embedding was revealed rapid learning Exercises in volleyball lessons created measurable gains I both technical execution and creative thinking between fifth- grade students. Based on these findings, Teacher design similar activities It should include conscious actions that require cognitive flexibility and real- time problem Solution Doing this keeps students mentally engaged while improving their physical skills.
Volleyball Reception and Blocking Skills
Copyright (c) 2026 Alia Hussein Farhan, Fadia Abdul Hussein Kadhim, Salah Mahmoud Salman, Tahseen Hosni Tahseen (Author)
The Effect of Metabolic Resistance Training (MRT) on Improving Muscle and Bone Density and wing Shooting Accuracy in Young Handball Players
This study explores how young wing handball players who are affected by Metabolic Resistance Training (MRT), an integration of resistance workouts and high-intensity cardio. The challenges faced by wing players are clear, needing not only physical stamina and strength but also accuracy when shooting from close quarters while the player jumping in the air. The participants' risk of injuries, such as bone stress and muscular strains, are increased by the frequent falls and different body positions that occur during the match. Therefore, increasing bone and muscle density are essential to reduce the risk of injuries while improving performance. Conventional training frequently fails to meet these needs. 12 wing handball players, ages 16 to 18, participated in this study using an experimental approach. Over the course of 8 weeks, they attended MRT sessions three times a week. To improve technical proficiency for this physically demanding position, the study intends to evaluate how MRT affects muscle and bone density as well as wing shooting accuracy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jurnal Pendidikan Kepelatihan Olahraga: PEJUANG
Effectiveness of a Proposed Educational Program Based on Specific Exercises to Develop Motor Abilities and Technical Proficiency in Shot Put Competition Among Physical Education Students
This study aimed to develop a proposed training program based on specific exercises to enhance motor skills agility, coordination, and balance. And to determine its impact on technical performance and distance achieved in shot put. The researcher applied two equivalent groups in an experimental design, using a sample of 30 students from Wasit University. Program comprised eight training sessions, delivered twice weekly for four weeks. Results demonstrated superiority of experimental group in all post-tests, indicating that specific exercises effectively addressed technical errors during gliding phase and improved movement flow. Conclusion proposed educational program achieved a qualitative leap in motor skills and technical efficiency for weightlifting activity, and proved that variety in exercises creates a spirit of excitement and suspense and stimulates learning. Students' motor skills, technical performance, and weightlifting accomplishment were all enhanced by selecting workouts in accordance with the rule of learning (from easy to tough). The study suggests incorporating certain motor workouts into throwing event curriculum.
Role of Audio-Visual Media and its Relationship with Players of Baghdad Directorates' National Teams from Viewpoint of Coaches in Sports and Scouting Activity Departments
Role of audio-visual media and its relationship with players of Baghdad directorates' national teams from viewpoint of coaches in sports and scouting activity department. Visual and Audio Media Role besides its Relationship with Baghdad Education Directorates' Teams Players from Coaches visions in Sports and Scouting Activities Department. Role of visual and audio media lies in highlighting its relationship with players of education directorates teams from vision of coaches. Visual and audio media in field of sports is one of most prominent and important tools in media system for raising level of national team players. descriptive approach using an analytical survey method was adopted, as it is suitable for nature of solving research problem. research population and sample consisted of all coaches in Department of Sports Activities at General Directorate of Physical Education and School Activities in Ministry of Education. research sample was selected purposively and consisted of (30) individuals. After collecting and processing results, researcher reached following conclusions: Sports media plays a role in conveying activities, message, and goals of national teams to players, contributing to sports education and awareness, highlighting roles of champions, stars, and teams, and indirectly documenting activities. Research reached following conclusions existence of media coverage for educational championships, in addition to effective role in spreading sportsmanship, away from hatred and fanaticism. Audio-visual media helps spread sports culture among members of society. Working on disseminating sports-related information, news, and obstacles. Consolidating sports values, principles, trends, and sustainability. It is clear that every society possesses a value system that determines patterns of sports behavior.
The Effect of Rehabilitation Exercises Using Certain Physiotherapy Techniques on Improving Range of Motion and Muscle Strength in Patients with Partial Tears of the Carpal Tunnel Ligament
The introduction and significance of the research on rehabilitation exercises lie in the fact that they are one of the fundamental therapeutic methods in the field of integrated treatment of injuries. The researcher also addressed the research problem, which lies in the lack of interest in therapeutic exercises among patients in general, and particularly those with ligament tears in the wrist joint that restrict its movement. The researcher employed an experimental approach, as it was deemed suitable for the nature of the research problem, at the Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Centre in Kirkuk Governorate. The research sample was selected using a purposive sampling method following diagnosis by a specialist doctor, comprising four patients with partial tears of the carpal tunnel ligament. A set of rehabilitation exercises was prepared using various physiotherapy methods, including (paraffin wax, non-resistance exercises and resistance exercises). These were applied over 21 rehabilitation sessions, three days a week (Sunday, Tuesday and Thursday), to assess their impact on range of motion, muscle strength and sensory function in the area affected by the partial tear of the carpal tunnel ligament. The results were analysed using SPSS, and the researcher reached several conclusions, the most important of which is that the rehabilitation exercises used in the study are highly effective in restoring the range of motion and muscle strength of the wrist joint, thereby increasing its flexibility, stability and sensory perception during use. The researcher’s key recommendation is to use these exercises in the rehabilitation of injuries to other joints in the body.
Impact of A Learning Approach Based on Feedback (Immediate and Delayed) on Learning Chest Passing Skill in Basketball for Students
Despite extensive assertions by curriculum, teaching methodologies, and movement science experts regarding crucial role of feedback as a pivotal variable in improving educational outcomes and acquiring motor skills, field observations and the researcher's practical experience in educational institutions, particularly in context of working with individuals with various special needs, revealed shortcomings in optimal scientific and technical application of feedback strategies by teaching staff. The researcher adopted experimental method, as it is the most suitable approach for verifying cause-and-effect relationships between independent and dependent variables. Experimental design, based on two equivalent groups, was implemented includes pre- and post-test, to ensure isolation of extraneous variables and to verify true effect of feedback patterns (immediate and delayed) on learning the skill under study. Sample was defined as the fifth-grade students at Al-Mudhariyah Primary School for Boys during 2023-2024 academic year, totaling (90) students with an average age of (11) years, sample was selected using simple random sampling, comprising (30) students, representing approximately 34% of the original community. Current research aims to check effectiveness of immediate feedback and late In developing the technical performance skill of chest passing in basketball, to reveal effectiveness of both feedback (immediate and delayed) and extent of their impact on acquiring and mastering basketball rebounding skill. Results show real-time feedback has proven to be tangibly effective in accelerating acquisition of chest passing skills among students, statistically significant differences in favor of this type of information provision. Results revealed no statistically significant differences between two feedback patterns (immediate and delayed) in pre-test stage, confirming homogeneity of research groups and randomness of initial differences before intervention of independent variable.
Impact of Using Karplus Model to Develop Inferential Reasoning Skills and Legal Knowledge in Handball Among Students
The research aims to identify on effect Model Carplus in development skills thinking inferential and knowledge For the articles of the law in ball hand I have The students, and the researcher assumed there were Differences The indication Statistics in The two tests Tribal Post-test for the experimental group In the variables in thinking inferential and knowledge Legal in ball hand I have The students. The researcher also used the experimental method as it was suitable for the nature of the research, and the researcher conducted his research on Students of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences At university Samarra For the academic year 2024/2025, (68) students were chosen randomly. The participants were divided into three groups, and group (A) was chosen by lot to represent the experimental group. The researcher used statistical methods including the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, independent samples t-test, paired samples t-test, and percentage. The researcher concluded that the Karplus model had a positive effect. in development skills thinking inferential and knowledge Legal in ball hand I have The students, and the researcher also recommended emphasizing the importance of using the Karplus model in developing inferential thinking skills in handball and moving away from traditional methods that bring boredom and weak motivation towards learning, and using this model in other games.
Karplus Model; Inferential Reasoning; Knowledge Legal; Handball; Students.
Evaluation of Job Performance Among Administrative Staff of First Division and Premier League Handball Clubs in Southern Region
Importance of this research lies in need to inform those involved in and interested in handball that there must be a scale that provides an objective numerical value for evaluating functional performance of club administrations supervised by sub-federation or central federation. This numerical assessment serves as evidence of progress achieved in organizational performance, and thus this metric evaluates efforts of administrators or demonstrates extent of their work. research problem arises from importance of diagnosing current state of performance. job performance of employees in sports clubs is one of most important organizational variables for success of work in government departments, organizations, and institutions, as it will reflect on administrative performance of employees due to its significant impact on achieving goals. efficient and effective planning demonstrates importance of understanding nature and essence of prevailing job performance in its various dimensions within any public or private organization. Therefore, researcher defined her research problem with following question: What is level of job performance of administrators’ study focused on first and premier division handball clubs in southern region. Its objectives were to develop a performance measurement scale for administrators of these clubs and to assess their job performance. first and premier division handball clubs in southern region – researcher used descriptive method with survey and correlational study approach, as it is appropriate method to solve research problem and achieve its objectives. researcher defined research population. deliberate method involved first and premier league handball clubs in southern region for 2023-2024 sports season, totaling (196) administrators. research samples represented entire research population, thus research sample size reached (100% of research population. research samples were divided using simple random sampling into three sections: pilot study sample (16 administrators), construction sample (100 administrators), and application sample (80 administrators). most important conclusion is that job performance scale was built and is suitable for measuring job performance of sports club administrators in southern region in handball.